Different Types of Co-Infection by Contagious Ecthyma Virus, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, Ecto- and Endo-Parasites in Four Young Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex)

The research aimed to investigate the perinatal pathology of Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) through the study of four young subjects (at the age of 3 to 4 months) found dead in Valle d'Aosta, a region of northwestern Italy. The carcasses were submitted to necropsy followed by an examination of ecto- and endoparasites (ECP and ENP); samples from the gross lesions (in summary, cutaneous papilloma and crusts, ocular discharge, lobular haemorrhagic areas in the lungs, catarrhal-haemorrhagic enterocolitis) were analysed by bacteriological, histopathological, and biomolecular methods to define the etiological agent. The subjects, with various co-infection patterns, were affected by contagious ecthyma virus (ORFV) (agent of a highly diffusive pustular dermatitis transmissible to small ruminants and humans), Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (major etiological agent of infantile diarrhoea especially in developing countries), Mycoplasma conjunctivae (MC) (cause of an ocular infection common to goats and sheep), various ECP (ticks and keds) and ENP (lung and intestinal nematodes, and coccidia). This study emphasises the potential role of the Alpine ibex in the transmission of infectious diseases to other animals such as to humans and, secondly, the need to apply diversified analytical approaches, with the commitment of various specialistic skills, in order to define, in detail, the various and frequently overlapping causes that led a free-ranging animal to the death.