The current investigation explores tri-hybrid mediated blood flow through a ciliary annular model, designed to emulate an endoscopic environment. The human circulatory system, driven by the metachronal ciliary waves, is examined in this study to understand how ternary nanoparticles influence wave-like flow dynamics in the presence of interfacial nanolayers. We also analyze the effect of an induced magnetic field on Ag-Cu-/blood flow within the annulus, focusing on thermal radiation, heat sources, buoyancy forces and ciliary motion. The Casson fluid model characterizes the non-Newtonian viscous properties of the biofluid. To describe the steady fluid flow mathematically, we use coupled partial differential equations and apply the homotopy perturbation method to derive rapidly convergent series solutions for the non-linear flow equations. The obtained hemodynamic consequences are graphically represented with the variations of emerging parameters. These are significantly influenced by the rheological factors of the nanofluid flow, improving flow velocity with changes in shear viscosity, while a decrease in flow is observed for intensified Lorentz forces. Ciliary motion accelerates the expansion of the induced magnetic field on nanolayers, while a higher Magnetic Reynolds number decreases the current density distribution. Increased radiative heat generation lowers the temperature, indicating that thermal radiation enhances heat transfer and improves cooling efficiency. In contrast, an increased ciliary length along the wall raises the temperature due to wave-like motion, which strengthens the thermal boundary layer in the fluid flow. Additionally, a higher nanoparticle concentration increases wall shear stress due to frictional forces, while enhanced magnetic forces decrease the shear stress along the ciliary wall. Furthermore, a higher Strommer's number may regulate the formation of blood boluses in the wavy flow. The key findings play an important role in the development of analytical benchmarks to validate computational methods, ensuring accuracy in clinical research tools and supporting reliable medical applications.
Keywords: Casson fluid scheme; Tri-hybrid nanofluid; ciliary annulus; homotopy perturbation method; interfacial nanolayer; variable magnetic field.
This study introduces a tri-hybrid blood flow model that simulates endoscopic environment reflecting on the effects of composition of three different types of nanoparticles (Cu, Ag, Al2O3) in the presence of interfacial nanolayers. Moreover, this study highlights the impact of various flow characteristics influenced by metachronal waves, magnetic fields and thermal radiation. The HPM method is applied to get a series solution of the normalized governing equations. Utilizing the Casson fluid model, the study analyzes the interaction between viscosity changes and flow dynamics, noting that higher viscosity can enhance flow, while stronger magnetic fields may impede it. Ciliary motion, tiny hair-like structures in the circulatory system, strengthens the magnetic effect on nanoparticles, and increased thermal radiation reduces temperatures, thereby improving cooling efficiency. The key flow characteristics, such as velocity, temperature, heat transfer and wall shear stress, are evaluated in a ciliary micro-vessel environment affected by a magnetic field and thermal effects in the presence of interfacial nanolayers. The findings suggest significant applications in biomedical science, bioengineering and solar energy systems, particularly in diagnosing and treating diseases such as cancer and inflammatory disorders. Overall, this work aims to optimize blood flow management in medical contexts by leveraging the unique properties of tri-hybrid nanofluids.