Guidance on biomaterials for periodontal tissue regeneration: Fabrication methods, materials and biological considerations

Nicholas G Fischer; Isaac J de Souza Araújo; Arwa Daghrery; Baiqing Yu; Renan Dal-Fabbro; Alexandre H Dos Reis-Prado; Nikolaos Silikas; Vinicius Rosa; Conrado Aparicio; David C Watts; Marco C Bottino

doi:10.1016/j.dental.2024.12.019

Guidance on biomaterials for periodontal tissue regeneration: Fabrication methods, materials and biological considerations

Dent Mater. 2025 Jan 9:S0109-5641(24)00375-0. doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.12.019. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
² Department of Bioscience Research, College of Dentistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
³ Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 82943, KSA; Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
⁴ Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁵ Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
⁶ Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil.
⁷ Dental Biomaterials, Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
⁸ Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; ORCHIDS: Oral Care Health Innovations and Designs Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
⁹ BOBI-Bioinspired Oral Biomaterials and Interfaces, UPC-Universitat Politènica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08010, Spain; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; SCOI - Study and Control of Oral Infections, Faculty of Odontology, UIC Barcelona-Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰ School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
¹¹ Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].

PMID: 39794220
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.12.019

Abstract

Regeneration of the multiple tissues and interfaces in the periodontal complex necessitates multidisciplinary evaluation to establish structure/function relationships. This article, an initiative of the Academy of Dental Materials, provides guidance for performing chemical, structural, and mechanical characterization of materials for periodontal tissue regeneration, and outlines important recommendations on methods of testing bioactivity, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties of biomaterials/scaffolds for periodontal tissue engineering. First, we briefly summarize periodontal tissue engineering fabrication methods. We then highlight critical variables to consider when evaluating a material for periodontal tissue regeneration, and the fundamental tests used to investigate them. The recommended tests and designs incorporate relevant international standards and provide a framework for characterizing newly developed materials focusing on the applicability of those tests for periodontal tissue regeneration. The most common methods of biofabrication (electrospinning, injectable hydrogels, fused deposition modelling, melt electrowriting, and bioprinting) and their specific applications in periodontal tissue engineering are reviewed. The critical techniques for morphological, chemical, and mechanical characterization of different classes of materials used in periodontal regeneration are then described. The major advantages and drawbacks of each assay, sample sizes, and guidelines on specimen preparation are also highlighted. From a biological standpoint, fundamental methods for testing bioactivity, the biocompatibility of materials, and the experimental models for testing the antimicrobial potential are included in this guidance. In conclusion, researchers performing studies on periodontal tissue regeneration will have this guidance as a tool to assess essential properties and characteristics of their materials/scaffold-based strategies.

Keywords: 3D printing; Biofabrication; Biomaterials; Bone; Periodontal regeneration; Tissue engineering.

Publication types

Review