Sleep bruxism, awake bruxism and headache in children and adolescents: a scoping review

A scoping review was carried out with the aim of mapping the existing literature on the association between sleep/awake bruxism and primary headache (migraine and tension headache) in children and adolescents. This scoping review followed the method proposed by Arksey & O'Malley and the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis and was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The methods were registered in the Open Science Framework (<osf.io/8mtv4>). The following was the guiding question: "What does the literature say about the association between bruxism (sleep and awake) and primary headache (migraine and tension headache) in children and adolescents?". Two independent researchers performed searches of the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science electronic databases. Searches were conducted in August and September 2022 and updated in July 2023, leading to the retrieval of 6089 articles, 11 of which were selected for inclusion in the review. Sleep bruxism was associated with migraine as well as the frequency, duration, and intensity of migraine. Patients with tension headache are at increased risk for sleep bruxism and girls are more affected by both migraine and tension headache. In this scoping review, an association was found between primary headache (tension headache and migraine) and sleep bruxism. Awake bruxism was not investigated separately, making it difficult to determine its association with headache. The interaction between these variables is a complex phenomenon of unknown nature that merits further research.