Boosting Energy Harvesting Performance in Piezoelectric Composites with Aligned Porosity via a Dual Structure Design Strategy

Porous piezoelectric materials have attracted much interest in the fields of sensing and energy harvesting owing to their low dielectric constant, high piezoelectric voltage coefficient, and energy harvesting figure of merit. However, the introduction of porosity can decrease the piezoelectric coefficient, which restricts the enhancement of output current and power density. Herein, to overcome these challenges, an array-structured piezoelectric composite energy harvester with aligned porosity was constructed via a dual structure design strategy to enhance the output current and power density. Silver metal particles were introduced into a porous barium calcium zirconate titanate (BCZT) ceramic matrix as a secondary phase to regulate the dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties. The optimal addition of silver particles can reduce the size of ferroelectric domains, which leads to an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient and energy harvesting figure of merit. Combined with the design of the array structure, the maximum output voltage and current of the piezoelectric composite energy harvester can reach 76 V and 340 μA, respectively, with a peak power density of 0.97 mW/cm². Furthermore, the array-structured piezoelectric energy harvester can light 40 blue LED bulbs and power commercial low-power electronic devices. This work provides a strategy to boost the output current and power density of porous piezoelectric materials via a micro-macro structure design strategy for energy harvesting applications.