Purpose: The aim is to encourage the creation of innovative prevention and treatment measures and to help readers in selecting the most effective ones.
Background: Acne vulgaris is the most prevalent skin condition of adolescents, affecting approximately 9% of the global population. Patients become more prone to mental and psychological problems because of it. Several strategies have been established to effectively improve acne vulgaris. However, the complexity of its pathogenesis and the limitations of the existing strategies to control it in terms of bacterial resistance, patient compliance, and safety have made the development of new control strategies a hot topic in skin health research.
Results: This review systematically summarizes the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of acne vulgaris according to the most recent studies. The limitations of the current research on acne vulgaris and future research directions are presented based on the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the existing prevention and treatment strategies.
Keywords: Cutibacterium acnes; Acne vulgaris; Probiotics; Skin inflammation; Therapeutic intervention.
© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.