Strategies to Avoid Confounders and Bias in Observational Studies

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
• ² Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
• ³ Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
• ⁴ Department of Nursing, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
• ⁵ Department of Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
• ⁶ Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
• ⁷ Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
• ⁸ School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
• ⁹ Department of Recreation and Sports Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.