Rescue-like behavior in a bystander mouse toward anesthetized conspecifics promotes arousal via a tongue-brain connection

Sci Adv. 2025 Jan 24;11(4):eadq3874. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adq3874. Epub 2025 Jan 22.

Abstract

Prosocial behaviors are advantageous to social species, but the neural mechanism(s) through which others receive benefit remain unknown. Here, we found that bystander mice display rescue-like behavior (tongue dragging) toward anesthetized cagemates and found that this tongue dragging promotes arousal from anesthesia through a direct tongue-brain circuit. We found that a direct circuit from the tongue → glutamatergic neurons in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTNGlu) → noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LCNE) drives rapid arousal in the anesthetized mice that receive the rescue-like behavior from bystanders. Artificial inhibition of this circuit abolishes the rapid arousal effect induced by the rescue-like behavior. Further, we revealed that glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVTGlu) that project to the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) mediate the rescue-like behavior. These findings reveal a tongue-brain connection underlying the rapid arousal effects induced by rescue-like behavior and the circuit basis governing this specific form of prosocial behavior.

MeSH terms

  • Anesthesia
  • Animals
  • Arousal* / physiology
  • Behavior, Animal* / physiology
  • Brain / physiology
  • Locus Coeruleus / physiology
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Neural Pathways / physiology
  • Neurons / metabolism
  • Neurons / physiology
  • Nucleus Accumbens / physiology
  • Social Behavior
  • Tongue* / physiology