Nuclear transport protein suppresses Tau neurodegeneration

The nuclear pore complex, a large multimeric structure consists of numerous protein components, serves as a crucial gatekeeper for the transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope in eukaryotic cells. Dysfunction of the NPC has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. In AD, Tau aggregates interact with NPC proteins, known as nucleoporins, leading to disruptions in nuclear transport. Hyperphosphorylated Tau, a hallmark of AD pathology, interacts with central channel NUPs such as Nup62 and Nup98, causing cytoplasmic mis-localization of these proteins and impairing nuclear transport. Furthermore, Tau-NUP interactions promote Tau aggregation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, exacerbating neurodegeneration. Oligomeric Tau adheres to the lamin B receptor as well as nuclear lamin, preventing nucleocytoplasmic transport and resulting in heterochromatin unwinding, DNA damage, and neuronal death. The decrease in lamin B and increasing levels of lamin A along with C in AD-affected brain areas highlight the disease's intricacy. Furthermore, Tau internalization in the nucleus and interaction with nuclear pore complexes worsen NPC dysfunction, which contributes to neurotoxicity. Tau-DNA interactions suggest a chaperone-like role for Tau in DNA organization and repair, highlighting its involvement in maintaining genomic integrity. This review explores the intricate relationships between Tau, NPC components, and nuclear lamin in the context of AD, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying Tau-induced neurodegeneration and potential therapeutic targets.