Use of alternative payment models for substance use disorder prevention in the United States: development of a conceptual framework

Elian Rosenfeld; Sarah Potter; Jennifer Caputo; Sushmita Shoma Ghose; Nelia Nadal; Christopher M Jones; Margaret R Kuklinski; Andrew D Carlo; D Max Crowley; Lisa Clemans-Cope; Michael T French

doi:10.1186/s13011-025-00635-z

Use of alternative payment models for substance use disorder prevention in the United States: development of a conceptual framework

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2025 Jan 22;20(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13011-025-00635-z.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Behavioral Health and Health Policy, Westat, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA. [email protected].
² Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD, USA.
³ Social Policy and Economics Research, Westat, Rockville, MD, USA.
⁴ Behavioral Health and Health Policy, Westat, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
⁵ Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁷ Meadows Mental Health Policy Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
⁸ Human Development, Family Studies and Public Policy, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
⁹ Health Policy Center, Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.

PMID: 39844326
DOI: 10.1186/s13011-025-00635-z

Abstract

Background: Alternative payment models (APMs) are methods through which insurers reimburse health care providers and are widely used to improve the quality and value of health care. While there is a growing movement to utilize APMs for substance use disorder (SUD) treatment services, they have rarely included SUD prevention strategies. Challenges to using APMs for SUD prevention include underdeveloped program outcome measures, inadequate SUD prevention funding, and lack of clarity regarding what prevention strategies might fit within the scope of APMs.

Methods: In November 2023, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), through a contract with Westat, convened an expert panel to refine a preliminary conceptual framework developed for utilizing APMs for SUD prevention and to identify strategies to encourage their adoption.

Results: The conceptual framework agreed upon by the panel provides expert consensus on how APMs could finance a variety of prevention programs across diverse populations and settings. Additional efforts are needed to accelerate the support for and adoption of APMs for SUD prevention, and the principles of health equity and community engagement should underpin these efforts. Opportunities to increase the use of APMs for SUD prevention include educating key groups, expanding and promoting the SUD prevention workforce, establishing funding for pilot studies, identifying evidence-based core components of SUD prevention, analyzing the cost effectiveness of APMs for SUD prevention, and aligning funding across federal agencies.

Conclusion: Given that the use of APMs for SUD prevention is a new practice, additional research, education, and resources are needed. The conceptual framework and strategies generated by the expert panel offer a path for future research. SUD health care stakeholders should consider ways that SUD prevention can be effectively and equitably implemented within APMs.

Keywords: Alternative Payment Models; Conceptual Framework; Expert Panel; Substance Use Disorder Prevention.

MeSH terms

Humans
Reimbursement Mechanisms / economics
Substance-Related Disorders* / economics
Substance-Related Disorders* / prevention & control
United States
United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration