Myopia is common in Western populations but is considered rare in nonindustrialized population groups. However, studies in undeveloped areas of the Arctic and sub-Arctic have demonstrated increased rates of myopia among young Inuit adults indigenous to the region. We examined the refractive status of Yupik Eskimos, a group that had not previously been evaluated. Our subjects were young adults born between November 1960 and December 1962 to persons living in 10 villages in southwestern Alaska. The refractive status was obtained for 92% of these persons. The prevalence of myopia (refractive error -0.50 D or greater) was 68%, a rate among the highest reported for a general population anywhere in the world. The young women were significantly more myopic than the young men (mean refractive errors -1.91 and -1.36 D respectively). Astigmatism and myopia were positively correlated (r = 0.20, p less than 0.01). The etiology of myopia in this population is under study.