Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Early detection of cancer greatly improves 5-year survival for many sites, and in 1980 the American Cancer Society (ACS) published recommendations for performing cancer screening with the goal of promoting early cancer detection in asymptomatic persons. This cross-sectional survey examined beliefs and practices related to six cancer screening tests and procedures in a group of 68 primary care physicians in a multi-specialty group practice in Houston, Texas. Constructs from the Health Belief Model and Social Cognitive Theory were used to identify factors that might influence performance of cancer screening. Physicians in this study reported greater compliance with ACS recommendations for performance than has been found in other studies, and there is an indication that some screening tests may be performed even when not indicated based on age-specific criteria. Respondents reported performing digital rectal examination, stool occult blood testing, and sigmoidoscopy more frequently in men than in women. No belief factor emerged as being associated with performance of all screening procedures, and associations that were noted for some procedures were not consistent across patient age and gender groups. Some possible directions for further research and development of programs to promote the appropriate and cost effective use of cancer screening are physician education to include information about age and gender appropriate guidelines for screening and opportunities for skills training and practice workshops for some procedures.