We summarize etiologies of vocal fold paralysis and current treatments. The recent literature involving electrical stimulation of the larynx is reviewed. Four canines were involved in a study to test a new laryngeal pacemaker system. This system was used to stimulate both the lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscles. The data are taken from two of these canines. One of the goals was to stimulate the paralyzed side of the larynx based on the activity of the normal (nonparalyzed) side of the larynx. The best stimulation parameters for full addition of the paralyzed vocal cord were 3-7 V, pulse duration of 0.5 ms at a frequency of 84-100 Hz. Principles for electrode design and electrophysiologic parameters pertaining to laryngeal pacing are discussed. We believe that unilateral vocal fold paralysis may someday be treated by stimulating the paralyzed lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscles to move in synchrony with the normal, unparalyzed, lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscles.