Although a wide variety of extrathoracic pathologies may be associated to tracheo-pulmonary lesions, this paper draws attention to tumour pathologies due to their frequency and the difficulties involved in their treatment in relation to the question of "whether to carry out treatment" as well as the importance of timing. This dual nature is particular true of malignant conditions, since the lung may be the site of primary tumours and metastasis. The most frequent associations reported in the literature are tumours of the upper airways-digestive tract and colon carcinoma. Although tumours of the upper airways-digestive tract and lung cancer are both primary and primary tumour must be given priority treatment and only when oncologically satisfactory results have been obtained and there is no evidence of metastasis in other sites, are lung metastases. As far as concerns tracheal pathologies, this often takes the form of a locoregional extension of tumours from nearby organs such as the thyroid gland. In these cases, it is preferable to carry out total thyroidectomy and tracheal resection using T-T anastomosis.