Low serum albumin levels are common in patients with cirrhosis and liver failure. Decreased synthesis is the main but not the only mechanism leading to decreased serum levels. The consequences of low albumin concentrations are a decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure and a decreased binding of liposoluble xenobiotics and endogenous substances. Besides the fluid accumulation in pleura and peritoneum, the complications directly related to low serum albumin levels have been only poorly assessed. An increase in serum albumin levels (by a few g.L-1) for a few days can be achieved by the infusion of large amounts of human albumin (approximately 120 g over 3 days). The efficacy of this treatment has been only tested in association with large paracentesis: albumin infusion, which induces volume expansion, reduced the incidence of hyponatremia and functional renal failure. No significant effect on ascites production rate or survival has been observed. Similar results were achieved through polygelin or dextran-70 infusions. No well-conducted controlled study on the value of albumin infusion in other circumstances apart from cirrhotic patients is available. In conclusion, albumin infusion should be reserved to the treatment of hyponatraemia or functional renal failure complicating cirrhosis with severe liver failure and marked hypoalbuminaemia, when the infusion of colloids failed to correct these anomalies.