Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is expressed in placental syncitium and fetal organs and acts as a mitogen, motogen, and morphogen in vitro, suggesting a role in fetal growth and development. We aimed to examine the correlates of serum HGF in human cord blood. HGF was measured by ELISA using recombinant human HGF and mouse MAb to recombinant human HGF (Immunology Institute, Tokyo). Umbilical vein blood was collected prospectively at 148 deliveries including 94 normal pregnancies and 54 pregnancies complicated by medical conditions, primarily diabetes mellitus and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Growth parameters, gestation, pregnancy history, and perinatal events were recorded. Sera from 54 adolescents and 32 adult controls were also analyzed. Cord HGF [0.97 (0.66-1.33) ng/mL] [median (25-75 percentile)] was higher than HGF levels in adolescent sera [0.28 (0.21-0.35) ng/mL, p < 0.0001] and adult control sera [0.23 (0.14-0.31) ng/mL, p < 0.0001]. Cord HGF correlated with gestational age (r = 0.42, p = 0.0001) in normal pregnancies, with term babies (n = 69) having higher cord HGF than babies less than 37 wk of gestation (n = 25) [1.11 (0.78-1.45), 0.78 (0.46-1.03) ng/mL, p = 0.0007]. However, there was no relationship between gestation and cord HGF in complicated pregnancies. Cord HGF did not differ at term between appropriate for gestational age babies and small for gestational age babies. There were no independent correlations between cord HGF and birth weight, birth length and placental weight. We provide evidence for the first time that cord HGF levels are high and relate to gestation in normal pregnancies. HGF may have a significant role in fetal development during pregnancy.