Brain-targeted delivery of a leucine-enkephalin analogue by retrometabolic design

J Med Chem. 1996 Nov 22;39(24):4775-82. doi: 10.1021/jm960356e.

Abstract

A brain-targeted chemical delivery system (CDS) based on retrometabolic drug design was applied to a Leu-enkephalin analogue, Try-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Leu (DADLE). The molecular architecture of the peptide CDS disguises its peptide nature from neuropeptide-degrading enzymes and provides lipophilic, bioreversible functions for the penetration through the blood-brain barrier. These functions were provided by a targetor, a 1,4-dihydrotrigonellyl group, on the N-terminus and a bulky, lipophilic ester group on the C-terminus. A spacer amino acid residue was also inserted between the targetor and the parent peptide to assure the release of DADLE by specific enzymes. Four CDSs were synthesized by segment-coupling method that proved to be superior to sequential elongation in obtaining this type of peptide conjugates. Intravenous injection of the compounds produced a significant and long-lasting response in rats monitored by the tail-flick latency measurements. CDSs having the bulkier cholesteryl group showed a better efficacy than those having the smaller 1-adamantaneethyl ester. The spacer was the most important factor to manipulate the rate of DADLE release and, thus, the pharmacological activity; proline as a spacer produced more potent analgesia than alanine. The antinociceptive effect of the CDSs was naloxone-reversible and methylnaloxonium-irreversible, confirming that central opiate receptors were solely responsible for mediating analgesia induced by the peptide CDS that delivered, retained, and then released the peptide in the brain.

Publication types

  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Analgesia
  • Analgesics / chemical synthesis*
  • Analgesics / pharmacology*
  • Blood-Brain Barrier / physiology
  • Brain / metabolism
  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases / metabolism
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Drug Design*
  • Enkephalin, Leucine / analogs & derivatives*
  • Esterases / metabolism
  • Lipase / metabolism
  • Naloxone / pharmacology
  • Nicotine / analogs & derivatives
  • Peptides / chemical synthesis*
  • Peptides / pharmacology*
  • Prodrugs / chemical synthesis
  • Prodrugs / metabolism
  • Receptors, Opioid / metabolism

Substances

  • Analgesics
  • Peptides
  • Prodrugs
  • Receptors, Opioid
  • Naloxone
  • Enkephalin, Leucine
  • Nicotine
  • Esterases
  • Lipase
  • Dipeptidyl-Peptidases and Tripeptidyl-Peptidases