Due to the constant decline in incidence up to the mid eighties, eradication of tuberculosis appeared to be an attainable objective in developed countries. Since then multiple factors (HIV epidemic, poor social conditions in certain unfavored areas, population migrations, urbanization) have led to an increased frequency, making an excellent knowledge of tuberculosis a priority for all physicians. Multi-resistant mycobacteria have also made their appearance leading to numerous clinical and experimental studies which provide new insights into the correct management of patients with tuberculosis. Despite these recent changes, the classical treatment for tuberculosis remains the same in most cases, allowing nearly-certain cure when applied correctly in patients infected with a susceptible bacteria, including those with HIV infection or extrapulmonary localizations. On the contrary, the spontaneous aggravation of multi-resistant tuberculosis, even in some cases being treated, emphasizes the need to test the strain's susceptibility to the antituberculous agents used. Certain new antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, may play an important role in some cases. The contribution of surgery, isolation and strict compliance must also be emphasized. Resistant strains may also led to renewed indications for the Calmette-Guérin vaccine.