During the last decade, the disciplines of neonatal and pediatric critical care have rapidly progressed in India. The growth of Neonatal Intensive Care has paced the growth of Pediatric Critical Care. The substantial growth of discipline and the positive improvements in neonatal outcomes are the results of the concerted efforts of the National Neonatal Forum and commitment of expatriate physicians residing in the United States. This article provides the background information regarding perinatal, neonatal, and infant mortalities in India. It also describes the maternal child health care delivery system in the Indian subcontinent.