Abstract
The interferon-inducible, transmembrane protein BST-2 (CD317, tetherin) directly holds fully formed enveloped virus particles to the cells that produce them, inhibiting their spread. BST-2 inhibits members of the retrovirus, filovirus, arenavirus and herpesvirus families. These viruses encode a variety of proteins to degrade BST-2 and/or direct it away from its site of action at the cell surface. Viral antagonism has subjected BST-2 to positive selection, leading to species-specific differences that presented a barrier to the transmission of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) to humans. This barrier was crossed by HIV-1 when its Vpu protein acquired activity as a BST-2 antagonist. Here, we review this new host-pathogen relationship and discuss its impact on the evolution of primate lentiviruses and the origins of the HIV pandemic.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / epidemiology
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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / virology
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Animals
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Antigens, CD / chemistry
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Antigens, CD / immunology
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Antigens, CD / metabolism*
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Cell Membrane / immunology
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Cell Membrane / virology
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Evolution, Molecular
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GPI-Linked Proteins
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HIV-1 / immunology*
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HIV-1 / metabolism
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HIV-1 / physiology*
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Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins / metabolism*
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Humans
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Immunity, Innate*
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Lentiviruses, Primate / genetics
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Lentiviruses, Primate / immunology
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Lentiviruses, Primate / physiology*
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Membrane Glycoproteins / antagonists & inhibitors
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Membrane Glycoproteins / chemistry
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Membrane Glycoproteins / metabolism*
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Primates
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus / physiology
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Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology
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Viral Envelope Proteins / metabolism
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Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / metabolism*
Substances
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Antigens, CD
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BST2 protein, human
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GPI-Linked Proteins
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus Proteins
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Membrane Glycoproteins
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Viral Envelope Proteins
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Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins
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vpu protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1