Linguistic dependency is a binary relation between lexemes (≈ words) in an utterance; it is antir... more Linguistic dependency is a binary relation between lexemes (≈ words) in an utterance; it is antireflexive, antisymmetrical, nontransitive, and acyclic. Dependency is best represented by an arrow: X→Y, meaning “Y depends on X”; X is called the governor of Y, and Y is a dependent of X. Dependency made its appearance in linguistics through syntax, so that, even in the early 21st century, when linguists talk about dependency, more often than not they mean “syntactic dependency.” This, however, leads to logical mistakes, because, in point of fact, natural language features at least three major types of dependency: semantic, syntactic, and morphological, which should by no means be confused. (For simplicity’s sake, still other types of linguistic dependency are ignored here: in particular, communicative dependency between semantemes and compounding dependency between radicals within compound lexemes, such as takes place in German compounds of the type Nacht←zug ‘night train’ versus Zug←nacht, literally, ‘train night’ = ‘night on a train’.) As follows from the aforementioned characterization of dependency, all three types of linguistic dependency are syntagmatic by nature: they hold between the elements co-occurring in the same utterance. Although the study of linguistic dependency is a relatively recent domain, the corresponding literature is huge. This article will not try to cover it thoroughly; on the contrary, in order to achieve good surveyability, only the sheer minimum will be cited. Given the nature of this article, some formal statements are, from the factual viewpoint, only approximate (as some secondary linguistic phenomena are not taken into account). The goal of the article is to present the state, in the early 21st century, of the dependency approach in linguistics, describing it as rigorously and formally as possible. This approach’s historical evolution as well as the use of dependencies in other approaches are left out. It is necessary to emphasize that the state of the art in the domain is such that much attention must be dedicated to the system of concepts and the terminology instead of simply introducing the corresponding titles.
Page 1. Ducu flUPELF UR IGOR A. MEL'èUK ANDRÉ CLAS ALAIN POLGUÈRE Introduction à la lexi... more Page 1. Ducu flUPELF UR IGOR A. MEL'èUK ANDRÉ CLAS ALAIN POLGUÈRE Introduction à la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire Page 2. ... Visages du français, variétés lexicales de l'espace francophone (André Clas, Benoît Ouoba), 1990. L'environnement traductionnel. ...
Linguistic dependency is a binary relation between lexemes (≈ words) in an utterance; it is antir... more Linguistic dependency is a binary relation between lexemes (≈ words) in an utterance; it is antireflexive, antisymmetrical, nontransitive, and acyclic. Dependency is best represented by an arrow: X→Y, meaning “Y depends on X”; X is called the governor of Y, and Y is a dependent of X. Dependency made its appearance in linguistics through syntax, so that, even in the early 21st century, when linguists talk about dependency, more often than not they mean “syntactic dependency.” This, however, leads to logical mistakes, because, in point of fact, natural language features at least three major types of dependency: semantic, syntactic, and morphological, which should by no means be confused. (For simplicity’s sake, still other types of linguistic dependency are ignored here: in particular, communicative dependency between semantemes and compounding dependency between radicals within compound lexemes, such as takes place in German compounds of the type Nacht←zug ‘night train’ versus Zug←nacht, literally, ‘train night’ = ‘night on a train’.) As follows from the aforementioned characterization of dependency, all three types of linguistic dependency are syntagmatic by nature: they hold between the elements co-occurring in the same utterance. Although the study of linguistic dependency is a relatively recent domain, the corresponding literature is huge. This article will not try to cover it thoroughly; on the contrary, in order to achieve good surveyability, only the sheer minimum will be cited. Given the nature of this article, some formal statements are, from the factual viewpoint, only approximate (as some secondary linguistic phenomena are not taken into account). The goal of the article is to present the state, in the early 21st century, of the dependency approach in linguistics, describing it as rigorously and formally as possible. This approach’s historical evolution as well as the use of dependencies in other approaches are left out. It is necessary to emphasize that the state of the art in the domain is such that much attention must be dedicated to the system of concepts and the terminology instead of simply introducing the corresponding titles.
Page 1. Ducu flUPELF UR IGOR A. MEL'èUK ANDRÉ CLAS ALAIN POLGUÈRE Introduction à la lexi... more Page 1. Ducu flUPELF UR IGOR A. MEL'èUK ANDRÉ CLAS ALAIN POLGUÈRE Introduction à la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire Page 2. ... Visages du français, variétés lexicales de l'espace francophone (André Clas, Benoît Ouoba), 1990. L'environnement traductionnel. ...
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