The Relationship between the Laboratory Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at Discharge and the Severity of the Viral Pathology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
- (i)
- The proportion of values in the reference range (YES) was strongly statistically significantly higher than those that were not in the reference range (NO) (p < 0.001). This occurred for the following parameters at discharge: RBC, Cl−, and Na+. All values were within the reference range for K+ at discharge.
- (ii)
- The proportion of values in the reference range (YES) was statistically significantly lower than those that were not in the reference range (NO) (p < 0.05). This occurred for the next parameters at discharge, such as ferritin, CRP, LDH, procalcitonin, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and ESR.
- (iii)
- The proportion of values in the reference range (YES) did not differ statistically significantly from those that were not in the reference range (NO) (p ≥ 0.05). This occurred for the parameter Hb at discharge. In cases i and ii, in most situations, it was found that the applied Binomial Test was highly statistically significant, i.e., p < 0.001.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SARS-CoV-2 | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 |
COVID-19 | Coronavirus disease |
ACE2 | Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 |
CRP | C reactive protein |
RT-PCR | Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction |
RBC | Red blood cell |
K | Potassium (Kalium) |
Cl | Chlorine |
Na | Sodium |
Hb | Hemoglobin |
CT | Computed tomography |
LDL | Low density cholesterol |
ESR | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
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Evaluated Parameters | Ref. Interval | N | Obs. Proportion | Tested Proportion | Binomial Test, p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum ferritin | Group 1 | NO | 30 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | YES | 11 | 0.27 | - | - | |
Total | - | 41 | 1.00 | - | - | |
Hemoglobin | Group 1 | YES | 22 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.339 |
Group 2 | NO | 20 | 0.48 | - | - | |
Total | - | 42 | 1.00 | - | - | |
RBC | Group 1 | YES | 32 | 0.78 | 0.22 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | NO | 9 | 0.22 | - | - | |
Total | - | 41 | 1.00 | - | - | |
CRP | Group 1 | NO | 37 | 0.88 | 0.12 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | YES | 5 | 0.12 | - | - | |
Total | 42 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
LDH | Group 1 | NO | 34 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | YES | 8 | 0.19 | - | - | |
Total | 42 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
Procalcitonin | Group 1 | NO | 38 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | YES | 4 | 0.10 | - | - | |
Total | 42 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
Fibrinogen | Group 1 | NU | 29 | 0.78 | 0.22 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | DA | 8 | 0.22 | - | - | |
Total | 37 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
D-dimers | Group 1 | NO | 29 | 0.76 | 0.24 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | YES | 9 | 0.24 | - | - | |
Total | 38 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
ESR | Group 1 | NO | 26 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | YES | 13 | 0.33 | - | - | |
Total | 39 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
Na+ | Group 1 | YES | 26 | 0.63 | 0.50 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | NO | 15 | 0.37 | - | - | |
Total | 41 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
K+ | Group 1 | NO | 41 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.0001 |
Total | 41 | 1.00 | - | - | ||
Cl− | Group 1 | YES | 32 | 0.78 | 0.22 | 0.0001 |
Group 2 | NO | 9 | 0.22 | - | - | |
Total | 41 | 1.00 | - | - |
Ref. Int. | COVID-19 Severity Forms | Total | Fisher Test | OR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate and Severe | Mild | p | L.I | LS. | ||||
Serum ferritin | YES | 29 | 1 | 30 | 0.014 | 16.571 | 1.594 | 172.307 |
NO | 7 | 4 | 11 | - | - | - | - | |
Total | 36 | 5 | 41 | - | - | - | - |
Ref. Int. | COVID-19 Severity Forms | Total | F Test | RR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate and Severe | Mild | p | - | L.I | LS. | |||
Hb | YES | 20 | 0 | 20 | 0.049 | 1.294 | 1.032 | 1.623 |
NO | 17 | 5 | 22 | - | - | - | - | |
Total | 37 | 5 | 42 | - | - | - | - |
Gender | N | Mean | Std. Deviation | t-Test, p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferritin | F | 26 | 605.085 | 615.483 | 0.080 |
M | 15 | 1022.693 | 867.771 | - | |
Hb | F | 26 | 12.677 | 1.663 | 0.157 |
M | 16 | 13.556 | 2.280 | - | |
LDH | F | 26 | 391.413 | 192.013 | 0.280 |
M | 16 | 489.563 | 387.699 | - | |
ESR | F | 25 | 47.480 | 29.158 | 0.902 |
M | 14 | 46.286 | 28.009 | - | |
Na+ | F | 25 | 138.101 | 3.995 | 0.657 |
M | 16 | 137.500 | 4.514 | - | |
K+ | F | 25 | 4.204 | 0.730 | 0.334 |
M | 16 | 3.987 | 0.631 | - | |
Cl− | F | 25 | 101.536 | 3.643 | 0.231 |
M | 16 | 100.025 | 4.224 | - |
Gender | N | Mean | Std. Deviation. | M–W Test, p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDH | F | 26 | 391.413 | 192.013 | 0.856 |
M | 16 | 489.563 | 387.699 | - | |
CRP | F | 26 | 42.875 | 53.539 | 0.897 |
M | 16 | 81.398 | 122.251 | - | |
Procalcitonin | F | 26 | 1.100 | 0.902 | 0.623 |
M | 16 | 2.163 | 3.465 | - | |
D-dimers | F | 24 | 2324.875 | 2731.118 | 0.116 |
M | 14 | 1038.929 | 855.329 | - | |
RBC | F | 25 | 4.440 | 0.583 | 0.673 |
M | 16 | 4.563 | 0.629 | - |
Environment | N | Mean | Std. Deviation. | p | M–W Test, p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferritin | 0 | 18 | 643.606 | 416.766 | 0.386 | T |
1 | 23 | 847.291 | 912.041 | - | - | |
Hb | 0 | 19 | 13.121 | 2.119 | 0.745 | T |
1 | 23 | 12.922 | 1.828 | - | - | |
RBC | 0 | 18 | 4.444 | 0.616 | 0.470 | M–W |
1 | 23 | 4.522 | 0.593 | - | - | |
CRP | 0 | 19 | 63.148 | 78.737 | 0.423 | M–W |
1 | 23 | 52.926 | 94.835 | - | - | |
LDH | 0 | 19 | 417.842 | 339.854 | 0.822 | T |
1 | 23 | 437.858 | 232.439 | - | - | |
Procalcitonin | 0 | 19 | 1.001 | 0.693 | 0.750 | M–W |
1 | 23 | 1.921 | 2.971 | - | - | |
Fibrinogen | 0 | 14 | 477.671 | 133.024 | 0.552 | T |
1 | 23 | 447.639 | 155.700 | - | - | |
D-dimers | 0 | 15 | 2120.533 | 2021.392 | 0.194 | M–W |
1 | 23 | 1675.391 | 2492.591 | - | - | |
ESR | 0 | 17 | 53.824 | 33.651 | 0.194 | T |
1 | 22 | 41.818 | 23.006 | - | - | |
Na+ | 0 | 18 | 138.200 | 3.285 | 0.656 | T |
1 | 23 | 137.606 | 4.792 | - | - | |
K+ | 0 | 18 | 4.086 | 0.771 | 0.789 | T |
1 | 23 | 4.146 | 0.643 | - | - | |
Cl− | 0 | 18 | 101.244 | 4.419 | 0.671 | T |
1 | 23 | 100.713 | 3.527 | - | - |
COVID-19 Severity | N | Mean | Std. Deviation. | p | M–W Test, T | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferritin | Mild and moderate forms | 18 | 518.644 | 353.389 | - | T |
Severe forms | 23 | 945.087 | 897.280 | 0.046 | - | |
Hb | Mild and moderate forms | 18 | 13.361 | 1.384 | - | T |
Severe forms | 24 | 12.750 | 2.268 | 0.287 | - | |
RBC | Mild and moderate forms | 17 | 4.588 | 0.507 | 0.317 | M–W |
Severe forms | 24 | 4.417 | 0.654 | - | - | |
CRP | Mild and moderate forms | 18 | 17.747 | 21.242 | 0.213 | M–W |
Severe forms | 24 | 87.403 | 104.873 | - | - | |
LDH | Mild and moderate forms | 18 | 282.667 | 131.503 | 0.003 | T |
Severe forms | 24 | 538.406 | 316.578 | - | - | |
Procalcitonin | Mild and moderate forms | 18 | 1.413 | 2.127 | 0.258 | M–W |
Severe forms | 24 | 1.574 | 2.418 | - | - | |
Fibrinogen | Mild and moderate forms | 16 | 485.150 | 121.627 | 0.350 | T |
Severe forms | 21 | 439.081 | 162.797 | - | - | |
D-dimers | Mild and moderate forms | 16 | 1027.875 | 1020.499 | 0.310 | M–W |
Severe forms | 22 | 2449.818 | 2771.788 | - | - | |
ESR | Mild and moderate forms | 16 | 46.063 | 26.272 | 0.859 | T |
Severe forms | 23 | 47.739 | 30.329 | - | - | |
Na+ | Mild and moderate forms | 17 | 137.541 | 4.690 | 0.679 | T |
Severe forms | 24 | 138.097 | 3.829 | - | - | |
K+ | Mild and moderate forms | 17 | 4.344 | 0.538 | 0.081 | T |
Severe forms | 24 | 3.960 | 0.756 | - | - | |
Cl− | Mild and moderate forms | 17 | 101.194 | 4.388 | 0.737 | T |
Severe forms | 24 | 100.771 | 3.603 | - | - |
Death | N | Mean | Std. Deviation. | p | M–W Test, T | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferritin | NO | 33 | 533.900 | 363.198 | - | T |
YES | 8 | 1681.738 | 1131.807 | 0.024 | - | |
Hb | NO | 34 | 12.794 | 1.791 | 0.136 | T |
YES | 8 | 13.938 | 2.404 | - | - | |
RBC | NO | 33 | 4.455 | 0.564 | 0.656 | M–W |
YES | 8 | 4.625 | 0.744 | - | - | |
CRP | NO | 34 | 24.607 | 30.276 | 0.000 | M–W |
YES | 8 | 197.561 | 111.205 | - | - | |
LDH | NO | 34 | 354.375 | 147.463 | 0.000 | T |
YES | 8 | 745.125 | 472.891 | - | - | |
Procalcitonin | NO | 34 | 1.156 | 1.618 | 0.006 | M–W |
YES | 8 | 2.988 | 3.845 | - | - | |
Fibrinogen | NO | 30 | 439.013 | 144.791 | 0.085 | T |
YES | 7 | 544.671 | 129.031 | - | - | |
D-dimers | NO | 30 | 1573.733 | 1710.071 | 0.244 | M–W |
YES | 8 | 2891.250 | 3778.140 | - | - | |
ESR | NO | 31 | 45.097 | 27.285 | 0.404 | T |
YES | 8 | 54.625 | 33.175 | - | - | |
Na+ | NO | 33 | 137.580 | 4.169 | 0.376 | T |
YES | 8 | 139.050 | 4.175 | - | - | |
K+ | NO | 33 | 4.199 | 0.648 | 0.138 | T |
YES | 8 | 3.791 | 0.820 | - | - | |
Cl− | NO | 33 | 100.758 | 3.522 | 0.536 | T |
YES | 8 | 101.725 | 5.419 | - | - |
DM | N | Mean | Std. Dev. | p | M–W Test, T | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ferritin | 0 | 5 | 720.340 | 449.686 | 0.905 | T |
1 | 36 | 763.081 | 771.915 | - | - | |
Hb | 0 | 6 | 13.733 | 1.759 | 0.332 | T |
1 | 36 | 12.892 | 1.969 | - | - | |
RBC | 0 | 6 | 4.715 | 0.600 | 0.206 | M–W |
1 | 35 | 4.360 | 0.565 | - | - | |
CRP | 0 | 6 | 29.677 | 40.580 | 0.661 | M–W |
1 | 36 | 62.196 | 92.097 | - | - | |
LDH | 0 | 6 | 361.000 | 115.864 | 0.532 | T |
1 | 36 | 440.104 | 301.069 | - | - | |
Procalcitonin | 0 | 6 | 0.958 | 0.829 | 0.746 | M–W |
1 | 36 | 1.596 | 2.427 | - | - | |
Fibrinogen | 0 | 5 | 359.160 | 185.273 | 0.102 | T |
1 | 32 | 474.603 | 136.345 | - | - | |
D-dimers | 0 | 5 | 1094.800 | 944.756 | 0.479 | M–W |
1 | 33 | 1965.697 | 2429.159 | - | - | |
ESR | 0 | 5 | 34.800 | 15.723 | 0.308 | T |
1 | 34 | 48.853 | 29.525 | - | - | |
Na+ | 0 | 6 | 135.200 | 3.863 | 0.089 | T |
1 | 35 | 138.324 | 4.086 | - | - | |
K+ | 0 | 6 | 4.235 | 0.480 | 0.665 | T |
1 | 35 | 4.100 | 0.728 | - | - | |
Cl− | 0 | 6 | 98.717 | 3.531 | 0.131 | T |
1 | 35 | 101.329 | 3.877 | - | - |
RBC | |||
---|---|---|---|
Spearman Ro | p | N | |
Hb | 0.897 | 0.000 | 41 |
ESR | −0.506 | 0.001 | 38 |
CRP | |||
---|---|---|---|
Spearman Ro | p | N | |
Ferritin | 0.385 | 0.013 | 41 |
LDH | 0.549 | 0.000 | 42 |
Procalcitonin | 0.311 | 0.045 | 42 |
Fibrinogen | 0.448 | 0.005 | 37 |
D-dimers | 0.433 | 0.007 | 38 |
K+ | −0.479 | 0.002 | 41 |
Ferritin | |||
---|---|---|---|
Pearson R | p | N | |
ESR | 0.326 | 0.043 | 39 |
K+ | −0.364 | 0.021 | 40 |
Hb | |||
---|---|---|---|
Pearson R | p | N | |
LDH | 0.423 | 0.005 | 42 |
ESR | −0.454 | 0.004 | 39 |
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Reștea, P.-A.; Țigan, Ș.; Vicaș, L.G.; Fritea, L.; Mureșan, M.E.; Manole, F.; Berdea, D.E. The Relationship between the Laboratory Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at Discharge and the Severity of the Viral Pathology. J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14, 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060646
Reștea P-A, Țigan Ș, Vicaș LG, Fritea L, Mureșan ME, Manole F, Berdea DE. The Relationship between the Laboratory Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at Discharge and the Severity of the Viral Pathology. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2024; 14(6):646. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060646
Chicago/Turabian StyleReștea, Patricia-Andrada, Ștefan Țigan, Laura Grațiela Vicaș, Luminita Fritea, Mariana Eugenia Mureșan, Felicia Manole, and Daniela Elisabeta Berdea. 2024. "The Relationship between the Laboratory Biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes at Discharge and the Severity of the Viral Pathology" Journal of Personalized Medicine 14, no. 6: 646. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14060646