United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service ISSN: 1949- 162X Small Grains 2018 Summary September 2018 All wheat production totaled 1.88 billion bushels in 2018, up 8 percent from the revised 2017 total of 1.74 billion bushels. Area harvested for grain totaled 39.6 million acres, up 5 percent from the previous year. The United States yield was estimated at 47.6 bushels per acre, up 1.3 bushels from the previous year. The levels of production and changes from 2017 by type were: winter wheat, 1.18 billion bushels, down 7 percent; other spring wheat, 623 million bushels, up 50 percent; and Durum wheat, 77.3 million bushels, up 41 percent. Oat production was estimated at 56.1 million bushels, up 14 percent from 2017. Yield was estimated at 64.9 bushels per acre, up 3.2 bushels from the previous year. Harvested area, at 865,000 acres, was 8 percent above last year. Barley production was estimated at 153 million bushels, up 8 percent from the 2017 total of 142 million bushels. Average yield per acre, at 77.4 bushels, was up 4.8 bushels from the previous year. Producers seeded 2.54 million acres in 2018, up 2 percent from last year. Harvested area, at 1.98 million acres, was up 1 percent from 2017. This report was approved on September 28, 2018. Secretary of Agriculture Designate Ted A. McKinney Agricultural Statistics Board Chairperson Joseph L. Parsons Contents Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018................. 6 Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018.............. 8 All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018........... 10 Winter Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018........ 12 Other Spring Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018.. 14 Durum Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018......... 15 Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2016-2018........................................................ 15 Winter Wheat Production Distribution by Class - States: 2017 and 2018....................................... 16 Other Spring Wheat (excluding Durum) Production Distribution by Class - States: 2017 and 2018............... 17 Winter Wheat Heads per Square Foot - Selected States: 2014-2018............................................. 18 Rye Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018................. 19 Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2017-2018............................................................................ 20 Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2017-2018.................................................................................... 20 Crop Comments............................................................................................... 21 Statistical Methodology..................................................................................... 25 Information Contacts........................................................................................ 26 This page intentionally left blank. Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama .......: 50 40 40 20 10 15 Arkansas ......: 11 11 10 8 8 7 California ....: 110 110 110 11 10 6 Colorado ......: 55 50 95 10 9 7 Georgia .......: 45 50 60 15 15 15 Idaho .........: 55 50 40 15 10 10 Illinois ......: 45 35 40 20 20 25 Iowa ..........: 120 115 135 43 42 33 Kansas ........: 120 100 120 30 25 18 Maine .........: 25 21 21 24 20 19 : Michigan ......: 65 55 75 30 40 50 Minnesota .....: 210 170 180 120 95 105 Missouri ......: 45 30 35 19 13 16 Montana .......: 60 70 70 28 18 23 Nebraska ......: 135 110 125 25 35 22 New York ......: 90 55 69 60 35 43 North Carolina : 35 35 30 9 10 11 North Dakota ..: 290 295 300 110 80 105 Ohio ..........: 50 60 55 25 20 30 Oklahoma ......: 65 45 50 8 16 10 : Oregon ........: 30 25 20 10 10 5 Pennsylvania ..: 85 70 65 50 40 35 South Carolina : 17 20 19 7 8 7 South Dakota ..: 295 290 290 110 60 95 Texas .........: 470 455 450 60 60 50 Washington ....: 18 16 17 7 3 4 Wisconsin .....: 210 180 200 100 85 90 Wyoming .......: 23 25 25 7 4 9 : United States .: 2,829 2,588 2,746 981 801 865 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- -------- 1,000 bushels ------- : Alabama .......: 55.0 60.0 63.0 1,100 600 945 Arkansas ......: 73.0 85.0 75.0 584 680 525 California ....: 65.0 65.0 70.0 715 650 420 Colorado ......: 80.0 65.0 50.0 800 585 350 Georgia .......: 58.0 49.0 71.0 870 735 1,065 Idaho .........: 83.0 71.0 84.0 1,245 710 840 Illinois ......: 81.0 79.0 83.0 1,620 1,580 2,075 Iowa ..........: 76.0 77.0 63.0 3,268 3,234 2,079 Kansas ........: 57.0 54.0 49.0 1,710 1,350 882 Maine .........: 71.0 67.0 67.0 1,704 1,340 1,273 : Michigan ......: 58.0 54.0 63.0 1,740 2,160 3,150 Minnesota .....: 68.0 75.0 59.0 8,160 7,125 6,195 Missouri ......: 60.0 65.0 45.0 1,140 845 720 Montana .......: 47.0 47.0 43.0 1,316 846 989 Nebraska ......: 60.0 49.0 69.0 1,500 1,715 1,518 New York ......: 55.0 55.0 54.0 3,300 1,925 2,322 North Carolina : 60.0 66.0 66.0 540 660 726 North Dakota ..: 66.0 58.0 82.0 7,260 4,640 8,610 Ohio ..........: 74.0 70.0 65.0 1,850 1,400 1,950 Oklahoma ......: 43.0 42.0 48.0 344 672 480 : Oregon ........: 90.0 83.0 99.0 900 830 495 Pennsylvania ..: 67.0 58.0 46.0 3,350 2,320 1,610 South Carolina : 46.0 51.0 62.0 322 408 434 South Dakota ..: 82.0 70.0 82.0 9,020 4,200 7,790 Texas .........: 50.0 45.0 50.0 3,000 2,700 2,500 Washington ....: 61.0 42.0 46.0 427 126 184 Wisconsin .....: 66.0 59.0 61.0 6,600 5,015 5,490 Wyoming .......: 55.0 85.0 57.0 385 340 513 : United States .: 66.0 61.7 64.9 64,770 49,391 56,130 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 acres : Alaska ...........: (X) (X) 5 (X) (X) 4 Arizona ..........: 17 20 12 16 17 9 California .......: 85 70 65 60 28 26 Colorado .........: 80 70 58 75 68 52 Delaware .........: 35 32 25 25 16 14 Idaho ............: 600 530 550 580 510 530 Kansas 2/ ........: (NA) (NA) 17 (NA) (NA) 6 Maine 2/ .........: (NA) (NA) 17 (NA) (NA) 16 Maryland .........: 50 50 45 34 27 24 Michigan 2/ ......: (NA) (NA) 20 (NA) (NA) 5 : Minnesota ........: 95 80 80 79 68 67 Montana ..........: 990 770 790 780 565 600 New York 2/ ......: (NA) (NA) 10 (NA) (NA) 8 North Carolina 2/ : (NA) (NA) 11 (NA) (NA) 8 North Dakota .....: 740 520 470 640 395 385 Oregon ...........: 45 47 43 32 38 26 Pennsylvania .....: 55 60 45 38 45 33 South Dakota 2/ ..: (NA) (NA) 48 (NA) (NA) 13 Utah .............: 29 25 21 19 18 16 Virginia .........: 33 30 30 12 11 9 : Washington .......: 110 95 85 93 85 67 Wisconsin 2/ .....: (NA) (NA) 25 (NA) (NA) 10 Wyoming ..........: 95 82 71 82 63 50 : United States 3/ .: 3,059 2,481 2,543 2,565 1,954 1,978 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : ----------- bushels ---------- -------- 1,000 bushels -------- : Alaska ...........: (X) (X) 43.0 (X) (X) 172 Arizona ..........: 128.0 131.0 100.0 2,048 2,227 900 California .......: 75.0 50.0 69.0 4,500 1,400 1,794 Colorado .........: 129.0 132.0 145.0 9,675 8,976 7,540 Delaware .........: 76.0 85.0 78.0 1,900 1,360 1,092 Idaho ............: 107.0 95.0 101.0 62,060 48,450 53,530 Kansas 2/ ........: (NA) (NA) 31.0 (NA) (NA) 186 Maine 2/ .........: (NA) (NA) 73.0 (NA) (NA) 1,168 Maryland .........: 72.0 76.0 70.0 2,448 2,052 1,680 Michigan 2/ ......: (NA) (NA) 43.0 (NA) (NA) 215 : Minnesota ........: 66.0 76.0 76.0 5,214 5,168 5,092 Montana ..........: 60.0 51.0 56.0 46,800 28,815 33,600 New York 2/ ......: (NA) (NA) 58.0 (NA) (NA) 464 North Carolina 2/ : (NA) (NA) 80.0 (NA) (NA) 640 North Dakota .....: 67.0 63.0 74.0 42,880 24,885 28,490 Oregon ...........: 67.0 62.0 53.0 2,144 2,356 1,378 Pennsylvania .....: 75.0 70.0 63.0 2,850 3,150 2,079 South Dakota 2/ ..: (NA) (NA) 55.0 (NA) (NA) 715 Utah .............: 82.0 75.0 86.0 1,558 1,350 1,376 Virginia .........: 67.0 73.0 70.0 804 803 630 : Washington .......: 77.0 53.0 73.0 7,161 4,505 4,891 Wisconsin 2/ .....: (NA) (NA) 45.0 (NA) (NA) 450 Wyoming ..........: 96.0 102.0 100.0 7,872 6,426 5,000 : United States 3/ .: 77.9 72.6 77.4 199,914 141,923 153,082 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (NA) Not available. (X) Not applicable. 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. 2/ Estimates began in 2018. 3/ Beginning in 2018, United States total includes data for Alaska. For 2016 and 2017, Alaska data is not included in United States total. All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama .......: 230 150 160 170 100 110 Arizona .......: 111 115 91 103 107 74 Arkansas ......: 195 200 175 115 125 95 California ....: 480 420 420 217 182 143 Colorado ......: 2,361 2,260 2,260 2,200 2,029 1,954 Delaware ......: 70 75 75 65 69 45 Florida .......: 25 20 15 17 14 10 Georgia .......: 180 160 200 110 70 70 Idaho .........: 1,190 1,175 1,191 1,125 1,109 1,136 Illinois ......: 520 500 600 470 470 560 : Indiana .......: 330 290 310 280 240 260 Iowa ..........: 25 16 16 17 8 6 Kansas ........: 8,500 7,600 7,700 8,200 6,950 7,300 Kentucky ......: 510 480 450 400 310 300 Louisiana .....: 25 20 15 20 13 10 Maryland ......: 360 410 360 260 185 200 Michigan ......: 610 480 510 570 425 470 Minnesota .....: 1,321 1,170 1,621 1,268 1,135 1,575 Mississippi ...: 65 45 55 50 25 30 Missouri ......: 690 640 740 570 540 520 : Montana .......: 5,130 5,140 5,390 4,975 4,665 5,165 Nebraska ......: 1,370 1,120 1,100 1,310 1,020 1,010 Nevada ........: 15 29 23 9 10 8 New Jersey ....: 25 23 18 21 17 15 New Mexico ....: 345 330 315 210 135 105 New York ......: 120 140 110 115 125 95 North Carolina : 420 450 460 355 375 370 North Dakota ..: 7,590 6,680 7,735 7,405 6,260 7,635 Ohio ..........: 580 460 490 560 435 450 Oklahoma ......: 5,000 4,500 4,400 3,500 2,900 2,500 : Oregon ........: 810 775 800 797 763 770 Pennsylvania ..: 190 210 195 150 150 145 South Carolina : 60 90 80 50 75 65 South Dakota ..: 2,270 1,887 1,883 2,157 1,196 1,628 Tennessee .....: 400 370 380 335 275 285 Texas .........: 5,000 4,700 4,500 2,800 2,350 1,750 Utah ..........: 129 134 130 120 120 103 Virginia ......: 210 210 230 175 145 155 Washington ....: 2,240 2,195 2,220 2,200 2,140 2,165 West Virginia .: 7 8 7 4 4 3 Wisconsin .....: 270 210 240 250 170 200 Wyoming .......: 140 135 130 125 105 115 : United States .: 50,119 46,022 47,800 43,850 37,541 39,605 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels ---------- --------- 1,000 bushels --------- : Alabama .......: 70.0 77.0 72.0 11,900 7,700 7,920 Arizona .......: 97.8 100.8 102.4 10,073 10,789 7,580 Arkansas ......: 54.0 52.0 55.0 6,210 6,500 5,225 California ....: 79.7 68.2 81.2 17,302 12,404 11,605 Colorado ......: 48.2 43.2 36.1 106,000 87,598 70,504 Delaware ......: 67.0 73.0 71.0 4,355 5,037 3,195 Florida .......: 30.0 37.0 36.0 510 518 360 Georgia .......: 46.0 47.0 54.0 5,060 3,290 3,780 Idaho .........: 91.4 81.8 91.9 102,795 90,723 104,410 Illinois ......: 74.0 76.0 66.0 34,780 35,720 36,960 : Indiana .......: 81.0 74.0 71.0 22,680 17,760 18,460 Iowa ..........: 63.0 68.0 58.0 1,071 544 348 Kansas ........: 57.0 48.0 38.0 467,400 333,600 277,400 Kentucky ......: 80.0 77.0 66.0 32,000 23,870 19,800 Louisiana .....: 45.0 46.0 65.0 900 598 650 Maryland ......: 64.0 71.0 63.0 16,640 13,135 12,600 Michigan ......: 89.0 79.0 76.0 50,730 33,575 35,720 Minnesota .....: 59.0 66.9 59.0 74,828 75,935 92,930 Mississippi ...: 48.0 58.0 49.0 2,400 1,450 1,470 Missouri ......: 70.0 68.0 59.0 39,900 36,720 30,680 : Montana .......: 42.4 27.3 38.3 210,875 127,430 197,630 Nebraska ......: 54.0 46.0 49.0 70,740 46,920 49,490 Nevada ........: 72.3 106.0 112.5 651 1,060 900 New Jersey ....: 64.0 64.0 62.0 1,344 1,088 930 New Mexico ....: 22.0 30.0 15.0 4,620 4,050 1,575 New York ......: 74.0 67.0 69.0 8,510 8,375 6,555 North Carolina : 41.0 55.0 57.0 14,555 20,625 21,090 North Dakota ..: 45.0 37.9 47.6 332,978 237,133 363,483 Ohio ..........: 80.0 74.0 75.0 44,800 32,190 33,750 Oklahoma ......: 39.0 34.0 28.0 136,500 98,600 70,000 : Oregon ........: 50.1 63.0 67.0 39,937 48,069 51,590 Pennsylvania ..: 68.0 72.0 65.0 10,200 10,800 9,425 South Carolina : 43.0 49.0 54.0 2,150 3,675 3,510 South Dakota ..: 51.6 34.8 44.4 111,281 41,678 72,294 Tennessee .....: 73.0 70.0 65.0 24,455 19,250 18,525 Texas .........: 32.0 29.0 32.0 89,600 68,150 56,000 Utah ..........: 59.9 52.0 52.0 7,184 6,240 5,356 Virginia ......: 53.0 66.0 60.0 9,275 9,570 9,300 Washington ....: 71.5 66.6 70.8 157,290 142,500 153,210 West Virginia .: 61.0 69.0 46.0 244 276 138 Wisconsin .....: 79.0 68.0 71.0 19,750 11,560 14,200 Wyoming .......: 34.0 28.0 34.0 4,250 2,940 3,910 : United States .: 52.7 46.3 47.6 2,308,723 1,739,645 1,884,458 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Winter Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama .......: 230 150 160 170 100 110 Arizona .......: 14 25 20 7 18 4 Arkansas ......: 195 200 175 115 125 95 California ....: 425 385 380 170 155 110 Colorado ......: 2,350 2,250 2,250 2,190 2,020 1,950 Delaware ......: 70 75 75 65 69 45 Florida .......: 25 20 15 17 14 10 Georgia .......: 180 160 200 110 70 70 Idaho .........: 770 720 720 720 670 680 Illinois ......: 520 500 600 470 470 560 : Indiana .......: 330 290 310 280 240 260 Iowa ..........: 25 16 16 17 8 6 Kansas ........: 8,500 7,600 7,700 8,200 6,950 7,300 Kentucky ......: 510 480 450 400 310 300 Louisiana .....: 25 20 15 20 13 10 Maryland ......: 360 410 360 260 185 200 Michigan ......: 610 480 510 570 425 470 Minnesota .....: 11 10 11 8 5 5 Mississippi ...: 65 45 55 50 25 30 Missouri ......: 690 640 740 570 540 520 : Montana .......: 2,250 1,750 1,650 2,150 1,590 1,570 Nebraska ......: 1,370 1,120 1,100 1,310 1,020 1,010 Nevada ........: 10 14 13 6 5 5 New Jersey ....: 25 23 18 21 17 15 New Mexico ....: 345 330 315 210 135 105 New York ......: 120 140 110 115 125 95 North Carolina : 420 450 460 355 375 370 North Dakota ..: 130 70 85 120 35 70 Ohio ..........: 580 460 490 560 435 450 Oklahoma ......: 5,000 4,500 4,400 3,500 2,900 2,500 : Oregon ........: 720 700 720 710 690 695 Pennsylvania ..: 190 210 195 150 150 145 South Carolina : 60 90 80 50 75 65 South Dakota ..: 1,180 910 830 1,100 520 660 Tennessee .....: 400 370 380 335 275 285 Texas .........: 5,000 4,700 4,500 2,800 2,350 1,750 Utah ..........: 120 120 120 112 108 94 Virginia ......: 210 210 230 175 145 155 Washington ....: 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,670 1,650 1,650 West Virginia .: 7 8 7 4 4 3 Wisconsin .....: 270 210 240 250 170 200 Wyoming .......: 140 135 130 125 105 115 : United States .: 36,152 32,696 32,535 30,237 25,291 24,742 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Winter Wheat Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 (continued) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels ---------- --------- 1,000 bushels --------- : Alabama .......: 70.0 77.0 72.0 11,900 7,700 7,920 Arizona .......: 95.0 100.0 40.0 665 1,800 160 Arkansas ......: 54.0 52.0 55.0 6,210 6,500 5,225 California ....: 78.0 64.0 77.0 13,260 9,920 8,470 Colorado ......: 48.0 43.0 36.0 105,120 86,860 70,200 Delaware ......: 67.0 73.0 71.0 4,355 5,037 3,195 Florida .......: 30.0 37.0 36.0 510 518 360 Georgia .......: 46.0 47.0 54.0 5,060 3,290 3,780 Idaho .........: 94.0 80.0 90.0 67,680 53,600 61,200 Illinois ......: 74.0 76.0 66.0 34,780 35,720 36,960 : Indiana .......: 81.0 74.0 71.0 22,680 17,760 18,460 Iowa ..........: 63.0 68.0 58.0 1,071 544 348 Kansas ........: 57.0 48.0 38.0 467,400 333,600 277,400 Kentucky ......: 80.0 77.0 66.0 32,000 23,870 19,800 Louisiana .....: 45.0 46.0 65.0 900 598 650 Maryland ......: 64.0 71.0 63.0 16,640 13,135 12,600 Michigan ......: 89.0 79.0 76.0 50,730 33,575 35,720 Minnesota .....: 61.0 45.0 60.0 488 225 300 Mississippi ...: 48.0 58.0 49.0 2,400 1,450 1,470 Missouri ......: 70.0 68.0 59.0 39,900 36,720 30,680 : Montana .......: 49.0 42.0 50.0 105,350 66,780 78,500 Nebraska ......: 54.0 46.0 49.0 70,740 46,920 49,490 Nevada ........: 75.0 107.0 120.0 450 535 600 New Jersey ....: 64.0 64.0 62.0 1,344 1,088 930 New Mexico ....: 22.0 30.0 15.0 4,620 4,050 1,575 New York ......: 74.0 67.0 69.0 8,510 8,375 6,555 North Carolina : 41.0 55.0 57.0 14,555 20,625 21,090 North Dakota ..: 48.0 37.0 43.0 5,760 1,295 3,010 Ohio ..........: 80.0 74.0 75.0 44,800 32,190 33,750 Oklahoma ......: 39.0 34.0 28.0 136,500 98,600 70,000 : Oregon ........: 50.0 63.0 67.0 35,500 43,470 46,565 Pennsylvania ..: 68.0 72.0 65.0 10,200 10,800 9,425 South Carolina : 43.0 49.0 54.0 2,150 3,675 3,510 South Dakota ..: 58.0 40.0 48.0 63,800 20,800 31,680 Tennessee .....: 73.0 70.0 65.0 24,455 19,250 18,525 Texas .........: 32.0 29.0 32.0 89,600 68,150 56,000 Utah ..........: 60.0 52.0 52.0 6,720 5,616 4,888 Virginia ......: 53.0 66.0 60.0 9,275 9,570 9,300 Washington ....: 78.0 73.0 76.0 130,260 120,450 125,400 West Virginia .: 61.0 69.0 46.0 244 276 138 Wisconsin .....: 79.0 68.0 71.0 19,750 11,560 14,200 Wyoming .......: 34.0 28.0 34.0 4,250 2,940 3,910 : United States .: 55.3 50.2 47.9 1,672,582 1,269,437 1,183,939 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Other Spring Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Colorado .....: 11 10 10 10 9 4 Idaho ........: 410 430 460 395 415 445 Minnesota ....: 1,310 1,160 1,610 1,260 1,130 1,570 Montana ......: 2,100 2,500 2,900 2,060 2,290 2,820 Nevada .......: 5 15 10 3 5 3 North Dakota .: 6,000 5,350 6,550 5,850 5,050 6,490 Oregon .......: 90 75 80 87 73 75 South Dakota .: 1,080 970 1,050 1,050 670 965 Utah .........: 9 14 10 8 12 9 Washington ...: 540 495 520 530 490 515 : United States : 11,555 11,019 13,200 11,253 10,144 12,896 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels ---------- -------- 1,000 bushels -------- : Colorado .....: 88.0 82.0 76.0 880 738 304 Idaho ........: 87.0 85.0 95.0 34,365 35,275 42,275 Minnesota ....: 59.0 67.0 59.0 74,340 75,710 92,630 Montana ......: 36.0 21.0 34.0 74,160 48,090 95,880 Nevada .......: 67.0 105.0 100.0 201 525 300 North Dakota .: 46.0 41.0 49.0 269,100 207,050 318,010 Oregon .......: 51.0 63.0 67.0 4,437 4,599 5,025 South Dakota .: 45.0 31.0 42.0 47,250 20,770 40,530 Utah .........: 58.0 52.0 52.0 464 624 468 Washington ...: 51.0 45.0 54.0 27,030 22,050 27,810 : United States : 47.3 41.0 48.3 532,227 415,431 623,232 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Durum Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Arizona ......: 97 90 71 96 89 70 California ...: 55 35 40 47 27 33 Idaho ........: 10 25 11 10 24 11 Montana ......: 780 890 840 765 785 775 North Dakota .: 1,460 1,260 1,100 1,435 1,175 1,075 South Dakota .: 10 7 3 7 6 3 : United States : 2,412 2,307 2,065 2,360 2,106 1,967 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels ---------- -------- 1,000 bushels ------- : Arizona ......: 98.0 101.0 106.0 9,408 8,989 7,420 California ...: 86.0 92.0 95.0 4,042 2,484 3,135 Idaho ........: 75.0 77.0 85.0 750 1,848 935 Montana ......: 41.0 16.0 30.0 31,365 12,560 23,250 North Dakota .: 40.5 24.5 39.5 58,118 28,788 42,463 South Dakota .: 33.0 18.0 28.0 231 108 84 : United States : 44.0 26.0 39.3 103,914 54,777 77,287 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2016-2018 [Wheat class estimates are based on the latest available data including both surveys and administrative data] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Crop : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 bushels : Winter : Hard red ......: 1,082,005 750,332 662,249 Soft red ......: 345,230 292,156 285,558 Hard white ....: 25,478 23,726 19,347 Soft white ....: 219,869 203,223 216,785 : Spring : Hard red ......: 491,325 384,193 587,007 Hard white ....: 7,539 8,730 13,510 Soft white ....: 33,363 22,508 22,715 Durum .........: 103,914 54,777 77,287 : Total ...... : 2,308,723 1,739,645 1,884,458 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat Class Percentage Estimates The following percentages are the basis for the United States wheat production by class estimates each year. These estimates are based on the latest varietal or class survey data available. These end-of-season percentages will be used during the 2019 forecast season. However, if an unusual situation significantly distorts a State's normal distribution, then updated percentages will be used to forecast the production by class. Winter Wheat Production Distribution by Class - States: 2017 and 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : Hard red : Soft red : Hard white : Soft white :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Alabama .......: - 2 100 98 - - - - Arizona .......: 99 99 - - 1 1 - - Arkansas ......: - - 100 99 - 1 - - California ....: 91 88 - - 5 7 4 5 Colorado ......: 89 91 - - 11 9 - - Delaware ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Florida .......: 1 - 86 92 - - 13 8 Georgia .......: - - 100 99 - - - 1 Idaho .........: 19 20 - - - - 81 80 Illinois ......: - - 100 100 - - - - : Indiana .......: - - 100 100 - - - - Iowa ..........: 52 48 48 52 - - - - Kansas ........: 97 96 - 1 3 3 - - Kentucky ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Louisiana .....: - - 100 100 - - - - Maryland ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Michigan ......: - - 56 59 - - 44 41 Minnesota .....: 99 100 - - 1 - - - Mississippi ...: - - 100 100 - - - - Missouri ......: 1 1 99 99 - - - - : Montana .......: 100 100 - - - - - - Nebraska ......: 93 93 - - 7 7 - - Nevada ........: 25 36 - - - - 75 64 New Jersey ....: - - 100 99 - - - 1 New Mexico ....: 100 100 - - - - - - New York ......: 4 3 92 94 - - 4 3 North Carolina : - - 100 100 - - - - North Dakota ..: 99 100 - - 1 - - - Ohio ..........: - - 100 100 - - - - Oklahoma ......: 99 99 1 1 - - - - : Oregon ........: 8 8 - - - - 92 92 Pennsylvania ..: 1 1 98 98 - - 1 1 South Carolina : - - 100 100 - - - - South Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - - - Tennessee .....: - - 100 100 - - - - Texas .........: 94 93 6 7 - - - - Utah ..........: 75 72 - - 1 1 24 27 Virginia ......: - - 100 100 - - - - Washington ....: 15 14 - - - - 85 86 West Virginia .: 5 9 94 90 - - 1 1 Wisconsin .....: 3 3 97 97 - - - - Wyoming .......: 90 86 - - 10 14 - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. Other Spring Wheat (excluding Durum) Production Distribution by Class - States: 2017 and 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hard red : Hard white : Soft white State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Colorado ......: 45 66 14 15 41 19 Idaho .........: 52 50 24 31 24 19 Minnesota .....: 100 100 - - - - Montana .......: 100 100 - - - - Nevada ........: - 6 10 4 90 90 North Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - Oregon ........: 55 66 1 1 44 33 South Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - Utah ..........: 55 57 10 4 35 39 Washington ....: 50 54 - 1 50 45 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. Winter Wheat Head Population The National Agricultural Statistics Service conducted objective yield surveys in 10 winter wheat estimating States during 2018. Randomly selected plots in winter wheat fields were visited monthly from May through harvest to obtain specific counts and measurements. Data in this table are actual field counts from this survey. Winter Wheat Heads per Square Foot - Selected States: 2014-2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : 2014 : 2015 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : number : Colorado : July ................: 42.4 51.1 43.0 43.4 40.6 August ..............: 43.2 49.3 43.6 43.2 41.0 Final ...............: 43.4 49.3 43.6 43.2 41.0 : Illinois : July ................: 63.5 56.7 57.4 56.4 60.9 August ..............: 63.7 56.9 57.3 56.4 60.9 Final ...............: 63.7 56.9 57.3 56.4 60.9 : Kansas : July ................: 36.4 43.1 54.7 44.3 37.3 August ..............: 36.4 43.1 54.7 44.6 37.3 Final ...............: 36.4 43.1 54.7 44.6 37.3 : Missouri : July ................: 51.2 52.5 53.7 53.9 53.7 August ..............: 50.9 52.5 53.7 53.9 53.7 Final ...............: 50.9 52.5 53.7 53.9 53.7 : Montana : July ................: 43.4 48.9 54.6 44.4 44.1 August ..............: 44.2 47.7 55.2 46.2 44.8 Final ...............: 44.2 47.7 55.2 46.2 44.7 : Nebraska : July ................: 48.2 47.9 60.2 52.5 50.5 August ..............: 48.2 47.6 60.3 53.3 50.4 Final ...............: 48.2 47.6 60.3 53.3 50.4 : Ohio : July ................: 58.8 51.0 58.0 58.2 70.3 August ..............: 58.4 51.2 58.0 58.2 70.3 Final ...............: 58.4 51.2 58.0 58.2 70.3 : Oklahoma : July ................: 34.9 39.6 41.8 35.7 32.9 August ..............: 34.9 39.4 41.8 35.7 32.4 Final ...............: 34.9 39.4 41.8 35.7 32.4 : Texas : July ................: 32.8 34.3 34.4 26.6 30.9 August ..............: 32.8 34.3 34.4 26.8 30.9 Final ...............: 33.1 34.2 34.5 26.8 31.1 : Washington : July ................: 32.3 31.3 36.1 34.3 41.8 August ..............: 32.1 31.3 35.3 35.8 42.3 Final ...............: 32.3 31.3 35.5 35.7 42.3 : 10 State : July ................: 39.5 42.8 48.3 41.2 40.1 August ..............: 39.6 42.4 48.4 41.7 40.1 Final ...............: 39.5 42.4 48.4 41.7 40.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rye Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2016-2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Georgia ........: 200 210 190 30 15 15 Oklahoma .......: 260 260 240 75 45 50 : Other States 2/ : 1,431 1,491 1,581 309 226 208 : United States ..: 1,891 1,961 2,011 414 286 273 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------- : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 : 2016 : 2017 : 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --------- bushels -------- ------ 1,000 bushels ------ : Georgia ........: 21.0 19.0 26.0 630 285 390 Oklahoma .......: 25.0 24.0 22.0 1,875 1,080 1,100 : Other States 2/ : 35.4 36.9 33.4 10,946 8,331 6,942 : United States ..: 32.5 33.9 30.9 13,451 9,696 8,432 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. 2/ Other States include: Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2017-2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :--------------------------------------------------------------- : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Barley .........: 2,481 2,543 1,954 1,978 Oats ...........: 2,588 2,746 801 865 Rye ............: 1,961 2,011 286 273 Wheat, all .....: 46,022 47,800 37,541 39,605 Winter ........: 32,696 32,535 25,291 24,742 Durum .........: 2,307 2,065 2,106 1,967 Other spring ..: 11,019 13,200 10,144 12,896 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield per acre : Production Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ----- bushels ----- ----- 1,000 bushels ---- : Barley ........: 72.6 77.4 141,923 153,082 Oats ..........: 61.7 64.9 49,391 56,130 Rye ...........: 33.9 30.9 9,696 8,432 Wheat, all ....: 46.3 47.6 1,739,645 1,884,458 Winter .......: 50.2 47.9 1,269,437 1,183,939 Durum ........: 26.0 39.3 54,777 77,287 Other spring .: 41.0 48.3 415,431 623,232 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2017-2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : hectares : Barley ........: 1,004,040 1,029,130 790,760 800,480 Oats ..........: 1,047,340 1,111,280 324,160 350,060 Rye ...........: 793,600 813,830 115,740 110,480 Wheat, all ....: 18,624,640 19,344,180 15,192,470 16,027,750 Winter .......: 13,231,740 13,166,590 10,235,010 10,012,840 Durum ........: 933,620 835,680 852,280 796,030 Other spring .: 4,459,280 5,341,910 4,105,180 5,218,880 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield per hectare : Production Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2017 : 2018 : 2017 : 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : metric tons : Barley ........: 3.91 4.16 3,090,010 3,332,970 Oats ..........: 2.21 2.33 716,910 814,720 Rye ...........: 2.13 1.94 246,290 214,180 Wheat, all ....: 3.12 3.20 47,345,380 51,286,540 Winter .......: 3.38 3.22 34,548,410 32,221,540 Durum ........: 1.75 2.64 1,490,790 2,103,410 Other spring .: 2.75 3.25 11,306,180 16,961,600 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Crop Comments Oats: Production in 2018 was estimated at 56.1 million bushels, up 14 percent from 2017. Yield was estimated at 64.9 bushels per acre, up 3.2 bushels from the previous year. Harvested area, at 865,000 acres, was 8 percent above the previous year. Record low acres were harvested in Arkansas, California, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. The largest increases in production from 2017 occurred in the Dakotas where yields were up from the previous year, as a result of last year's drought. A record high yield was estimated in North Dakota. Nationally, oat producers had seeded 26 percent of this year's acreage by April 1, two percentage points ahead of the previous year but 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Producers had seeded 56 percent of the 2018 acreage by May 6, twenty-one percentage points behind the previous year and 18 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Eighty-two percent of the oat acreage was emerged by May 27, eight percentage points behind the previous year and 4 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Heading of the oat acreage advanced to 82 percent complete by July 1, one percentage point behind the previous year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Oat producers had harvested 38 percent of the acreage by July 29, five percentage points ahead of the previous year and 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. At that time, harvest progress was at or ahead of the 5-year average in 6 of the 9 weekly Crop Progress estimating States. Eighty-nine percent of the Nation's oat acreage was harvested by August 26, four percentage points ahead of the previous year and 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Barley: Production was estimated at 153 million bushels, up 8 percent from the 2017 total of 142 million bushels. Average yield, at 77.4 bushels per acre, was up 4.8 bushels from the previous year. Producers seeded 2.54 million acres in 2018, up 2 percent from 2017. Harvested area, at 1.98 million acres, was up 1 percent from 2017. Four percent of the Nation's barley was planted by April 8, four percentage points behind the previous year and 8 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Planting progress was behind the historical pace in all estimating States. Nationwide, barley producers had seeded 26 percent of the Nation's acreage by April 29, five percentage points behind the previous year and 18 percentage points behind the 5-year average. All estimating States remained behind their 5-year average planting pace at the end of April. By April 29, emergence was evident in 7 percent of the Nation's barley acreage, 6 percentage points behind the previous year and 10 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Nationally, 97 percent of the barley acreage was sown by June 3, slightly behind the previous year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Eighty-two percent of the barley acreage had emerged by June 3, one percentage point behind both the previous year and the 5-year average. Heading of the Nation's barley acreage advanced to 50 percent complete by July 1, two percentage points ahead of the previous year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. By July 29, barley producers had harvested 2 percent of the Nation's acreage, 3 percentage points behind the previous year and 4 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Overall, 81 percent of the barley acreage was reported in good to excellent condition on August 12, compared with 49 percent at the same time the previous year. At that time, barley condition ratings in the good and excellent categories were 54 percentage points above the previous year in Washington and 45 percentage points above in Montana. By September 9, ninety-two percent of the barley acreage was harvested, 3 percentage points behind the previous year but equal to the 5-year average. Winter wheat: Winter wheat production for 2018 totaled 1.18 billion bushels, down 7 percent from the 2017 total of 1.27 billion bushels. The United States yield, at 47.9 bushels per acre, was down 2.3 bushels from 2017. Area harvested for grain was estimated at a record low 24.7 million acres, down 2 percent from the previous year. Record high yields were estimated in Louisiana, Montana, and Nevada for 2018. Harvested acreage was down from 2017 in most of the major Hard Red Winter (HRW) growing States, the primary winter wheat producing area. As a result of the decreased harvested acreage and lower yields in 2018, HRW production totaled 662 million bushels, down 12 percent from 2017. In the Soft Red Winter (SRW) growing area, planted and harvested acreage decreased from 2017 across the region. SRW production totaled 286 million bushels, down 2 percent from 2017. White winter production totaled 236 million bushels, up 4 percent from the previous year. Harvested acreage in the Pacific Northwest (Idaho, Oregon, and Washington) was up less than 1 percent from 2017. Yields were up from last year throughout the region. Planting of the 2018 winter wheat acreage began the first week of September, 2017 with progress limited to Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, and Washington. By October 1, producers had sown 36 percent of the Nation's 2018 winter wheat acreage, 5 percentage points behind the previous year and 7 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Nationwide, 12 percent of the winter wheat acreage was emerged by October 1, six percentage points behind the previous year and 4 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Emergence was at or behind the 5-year average in 14 of the 18 Crop Progress estimating States as of October 1. Sixty percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was sown by October 15, ten percentage points behind the previous year and 11 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Nationally, emergence had advanced to 37 percent complete by October 15, eight percentage points behind the previous year and 6 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Producers had sown 84 percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage by October 29, slightly behind the previous year and 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Idaho was the first State to complete planting. Fifty-two percent of the acreage was reported to be in good to excellent condition on October 29, six percentage points below the same time the previous year. Ninety-five percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was sown by November 12, slightly ahead of the previous year, but equal to the 5-year average. Nationally, emergence had advanced to 84 percent complete by November 12, slightly ahead of both the previous year and the 5-year average. By November 26, emergence was 92 percent complete, equal to both the previous year and the 5-year average. Fifty percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition for the week ending November 26, compared with 58 percent rated in these two categories during the same week the previous year. On December 31, the majority of the winter wheat acreage in estimating States was estimated to be in fair to good condition. In Kansas, cold, dry conditions caused 75 percent of the acreage to be reported in fair to good condition, 4 percentage points below the same time the previous year. During the last week of January, the majority of the winter wheat acreage in estimating States was estimated to be in fair to good condition. Drought conditions in Kansas persisted, leading to 55 percent of the State's winter wheat acreage to be rated in fair to good condition, a decrease of 30 percentage points from December. Only 1 percent of Kansas' winter wheat acreage was rated in excellent condition at that time, down from 3 percent in December. Oklahoma's winter wheat acreage appeared to be in the worst condition, with 79 percent of the 2018 acreage rated in poor to very poor condition. Throughout February, conditions remained similar to the previous month for most of the United States. Winter wheat conditions in Kansas, as of the last week of February, declined as drought conditions persisted; 50 percent of the Kansas' winter wheat acreage was rated in fair to good condition, a decrease of 5 percentage points from the end of January. Only 1 percent of Kansas' winter wheat acreage was rated in excellent condition, unchanged from the previous month. Oklahoma's winter wheat acreage remained in the worst condition, with 78 percent of the 2018 acreage rated in very poor to poor condition, down 1 percentage point from January. On April 1, thirty-two percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, compared with 51 percent at the same time last year. By April 15, nine percent of the Nation's winter wheat acreage had reached the headed stage, 9 percentage points behind the previous year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. At that same time, 31 percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, 23 percentage points below the same time last year. In Kansas, the largest winter wheat-producing State, 12 percent of the winter wheat acreage was rated in good to excellent condition. By April 29, nineteen percent of the Nation's winter wheat acreage had reached the headed stage, 22 percentage points behind the previous year and 11 percentage points behind the 5-year average. On April 29, thirty-three percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, 21 percentage points below the previous year. Sixty-one percent of the Nation's winter wheat acreage had reached the headed stage by May 20, ten percentage points behind the previous year and 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By June 3, eighty-three percent of the Nation's winter wheat acreage had reached the heading stage, 3 percentage points behind the previous year but equal to the 5-year average. Five percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was harvested by June 3, four percentage points behind the previous year but 1 percentage point ahead of the 5-year average. By June 17, ninety-five percent of the winter wheat acreage had reached the heading stage, 1 percentage point behind the previous year but equal to the 5-year average. Twenty-seven percent of the winter wheat acreage was harvested by June 17, one percentage point ahead of last year and 8 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Fifty-one percent of the winter wheat acreage was harvested by July 1, equal to the previous year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. In Kansas, 71 percent of the State's winter wheat acreage was harvested by July 1, two percentage points ahead of the previous year and 8 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. On July 1, thirty-seven percent of the winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, 11 percentage points below the same time last year. Sixty-three percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was harvested by July 8, two percentage points behind last year but 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. In Kansas, 92 percent of the State's winter wheat acreage was harvested by July 8, two percentage points ahead of last year and 7 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Seventy-four percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was harvested by July 15, equal to last year but 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. With drier conditions across the Nation during the week ending July 15, winter wheat harvest advanced 20 percentage points or more in California, Colorado, Michigan, and Nebraska. By July 29, producers had harvested 85 percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage, 2 percentage points behind last year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Winter wheat harvest was complete or nearing completion in 11 of the 18 Crop Progress estimating States by the end of July. Ninety percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was harvested by August 5, three percentage points behind last year and 2 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Winter wheat harvest progressed quickly in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington, advancing 21 percentage points or more during the week ending August 5. Only 4 of the 18 Crop Progress estimating States had harvested less than 90 percent of the winter wheat acreage by August 5. Ninety-four percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was harvested by August 12, three percentage points behind last year and 2 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Winter wheat harvest was complete or nearing completion in all estimating States, except Idaho, Montana, and Washington. Ninety-seven percent of the 2018 winter wheat acreage was harvested by August 19, one percentage point behind both last year and the 5-year average. Winter wheat harvest was nearing completion in all States, except Montana and Washington. These two States were behind their 5-year average pace by 6 and 5 percentage points, respectively. Other spring wheat: Production for 2018 was estimated at 623 million bushels, up 50 percent from the revised 2017 total of 415 million bushels. Harvested area totaled 12.9 million acres, up 27 percent from 2017. The United States yield was estimated at a record high 48.3 bushels per acre, 7.3 bushels above 2017. Record high yields were estimated in Idaho and North Dakota for 2018. Of the total production, 587 million bushels were Hard Red Spring wheat, up 53 percent from the revised 2017 total. Seeding of the 2018 spring wheat acreage began in early April. By April 29, ten percent of the spring wheat acreage was seeded, 20 percentage points behind the previous year and 26 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Spring wheat planting progress was behind the 5-year average pace in all estimating States, except Washington, which had planted 78 percent of the intended acreage by April 29, thirty-one percentage points ahead of the previous year and 1 percentage point ahead of the 5-year average. Four percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage had emerged by May 6, fifteen percentage points behind the previous year and 18 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By June 3, ninety-seven percent of the spring wheat acreage was seeded, 2 percentage points behind the previous year but 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Eighty-one percent of the Nation's spring wheat had emerged by June 3, seven percentage points behind the previous year and 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Seventy percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage was rated in good to excellent condition on June 3, fifteen percentage points above the same time last year. By June 17, nine percent of the spring wheat acreage was headed, 5 percentage points behind the previous year and 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By July 1, fifty-eight percent of the spring wheat acreage had reached the heading stage, 2 percentage points ahead of the previous year and 10 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Seventy-seven percent of the Nation's spring wheat was rated in good to excellent condition on July 1, forty percentage points above the same time last year. By July 22, ninety-six percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage was at or beyond the heading stage, 1 percentage point ahead of the previous year and 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Four percent of the spring wheat acreage was harvested by July 29, four percentage points behind last year but equal to the 5-year average. In South Dakota, 35 percent of the 2018 spring wheat was harvested, 8 percentage points behind last year but 14 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Seventy-eight percent of the spring wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition on July 29, forty-seven percentage points above the same time last year. By August 19, sixty percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage was harvested, 5 percentage points ahead of last year and 16 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Seventy-four percent of the spring wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition as of August 19, forty percentage points above the same time last year. As of September 2, eighty-seven percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage was harvested, equal to last year but 12 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Durum wheat: Production for 2018 was estimated at 77.3 million bushels, up 41 percent from the revised 2017 total of 54.8 million bushels. Area harvested for grain totaled 1.97 million acres, down 7 percent from the previous year. The United States yield was estimated at 39.3 bushels per acre, up 13.3 bushels from the 2017 yield. Production in North Dakota, the largest Durum-producing State, was up 48 percent from 2017. By late July, harvest in Montana was underway. Producers in North Dakota had harvested 9 percent of the State's acreage by August 12. Rye: Production for 2018 was estimated at 8.43 million bushels, down 13 percent from the 2017 total of 9.70 million bushels. Harvested area totaled 273,000 acres, down 13,000 acres from 2017. The United States yield, at 30.9 bushels per acre, was down 3.0 bushels from the previous year. Statistical Methodology Survey procedures: Objective yield and farm operator surveys were conducted to gather information on small grain acreage, yield, and production. The objective yield survey was conducted in 10 States that accounted for 70 percent of the 2018 winter wheat production. Early in the growing season, farm operators were interviewed to seek permission to randomly locate two sample plots in selected winter wheat fields. Throughout the growing season, counts such as number of stalks, heads in late boot, and number of emerged heads were collected from these plots. The plots were revisited each month until crop maturity when the heads were clipped, threshed, and weighed. After the farm operator harvested the sample field, enumerators revisited the sample to collect data in order to measure harvesting loss. Data from operators was collected by mail, internet, telephone, or personal interview to obtain information on crop acreage, yield and production for the 2018 crop year. Approximately 66,300 producers were interviewed during the first two weeks of September and asked questions pertaining to planted and harvested area as well as yield and production. Estimating Procedures: National and State level objective yield and grower reported data were reviewed for reasonableness and consistency with historical estimates. The survey data were also reviewed considering weather patterns and crop progress compared with previous years. Each Regional Field Office submits an estimate and written analysis for their State to the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB). The ASB uses the survey data, administrative data, and the State analysis to prepare the estimates published in this report. Revision Policy: Estimates contained in this report may be revised in the Crop Production Annual Summary report published in January should new information become available. Previous year acreage, yield, and production estimates can be revised in the Small Grain Summary published the following year, if new information is available that would justify a change. Estimates will also be reviewed after data for the 5-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions will be made after that date. Reliability: The surveys used to make the acreage, yield, and production estimates contained in this report are subject to sampling and non-sampling type errors that are common to all surveys. Reliability of the objective yield and farmer survey must be treated separately because the survey designs for the two surveys are different. The objective yield indications are subject to sampling variability because all acres of winter wheat are not included in the sample. The farm operator survey indications are also subject to sampling variability because all operations with small grains are not included in the sample. This variability, as measured by the relative standard error at the National level, is approximately 1.7 percent for winter wheat, 6.1 percent for Durum wheat, and 3.4 percent for other spring wheat. This means that chances are approximately 95 out of 100 that survey estimates for production will be within plus or minus 3.4 percent for winter wheat, 12.2 percent for Durum wheat, and 6.8 percent for other spring wheat of the value that could be developed by averaging the estimates produced from all possible samples selected from the same population and surveyed using the same procedures. The relative standard errors for barley, oats, and rye are 5.2, 5.4, and 6.4 percent, respectively. Survey indications are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omission, duplication, imputation for missing data, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. These errors cannot be measured directly, but they are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Crops Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@nass.usda.gov Lance Honig, Chief, Crops Branch.......................... (202) 720-2127 Anthony Prillaman, Head, Field Crops Section.............. (202) 720-2127 Natasha Bruton - Current Agricultural Industrial Reports.. (202) 401-0034 David Colwell - Current Agricultural Industrial Reports... (202) 720-3338 Chris Hawthorn - Corn, Flaxseed, Proso Millet........ (202) 720-9526 James Johanson - County Estimates, Hay............... (202) 690-8533 Jeff Lemmons - Oats, Soybeans........................ (202) 690-3234 Jannety Mosley - Crop Weather, Barley................ (202) 720-7621 Sammy Neal - Peanuts, Rice........................... (202) 720-7688 Jean Porter - Rye, Wheat............................. (202) 720-8068 Bianca Pruneda - Cotton, Cotton Ginnings, Sorghum......... (202) 720-5944 Travis Thorson - Sunflower, Other Oilseeds........... (202) 720-7369 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. To set-up this free subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on "National" or "State" in upper right corner above "search" box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive. 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