United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service ISSN: 1949- 162X Small Grains 2023 Summary September 2023 All wheat production totaled 1.81 billion bushels in 2023, up 10 percent from the 2022 total of 1.65 billion bushels. Area harvested for grain totaled 37.3 million acres, up 5 percent from the previous year. The United States yield was estimated at 48.6 bushels per acre, up 2.1 bushels from the previous year. The levels of production and changes from 2022 by type were: winter wheat, 1.25 billion bushels, up 13 percent; other spring wheat, 505 million bushels, up 5 percent; and Durum wheat, 59.3 million bushels, down 7 percent. Oat production was estimated at 57.0 million bushels, down 1 percent from 2022. Yield was estimated at 68.6 bushels per acre, up 3.8 bushels from the previous year. Harvested area, at 831 thousand acres, was 7 percent below last year. Barley: Production was estimated at 185 million bushels, up 6 percent from the 2022 total of 175 million bushels. The average yield, at 72.4 bushels per acre, was up 0.8 bushel from the previous year. Producers seeded 3.10 million acres in 2023, up 5 percent from 2022. Harvested area, at 2.56 million acres, was up 4 percent from 2022. This report was approved on September 29, 2023. Secretary of Agriculture Designate Seth Meyer Agricultural Statistics Board Chairperson Joseph L. Parsons Contents Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023................. 6 Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023.............. 8 All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023........... 10 Winter Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023........ 12 Other Spring Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023.. 14 Durum Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023......... 15 Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2021-2023........................................................ 15 Winter Wheat Production Distribution by Class - States: 2022 and 2023....................................... 16 Other Spring Wheat (excluding Durum) Production Distribution by Class - States: 2022 and 2023............... 17 Winter Wheat Heads per Square Foot - Selected States: 2019-2023............................................. 18 Rye Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023................. 19 Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2022-2023............................................................................ 20 Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2022-2023.................................................................................... 20 Crop Comments............................................................................................... 21 Statistical Methodology..................................................................................... 25 Information Contacts........................................................................................ 26 This page intentionally left blank. Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Arkansas ..........: 10 10 8 6 6 5 California ........: 100 105 90 5 6 5 Georgia ...........: 80 75 55 20 15 15 Idaho .............: 50 50 45 13 16 12 Illinois ..........: 60 60 55 15 10 17 Iowa ..............: 130 130 190 52 40 95 Kansas ............: 115 110 185 20 25 30 Maine .............: 22 26 22 19 24 21 Michigan ..........: 55 50 50 20 30 25 Minnesota .........: 180 200 165 77 140 87 : Missouri ..........: 50 45 32 15 8 9 Montana ...........: 60 85 65 16 24 22 Nebraska ..........: 120 125 155 26 18 24 New York ..........: 55 68 61 29 51 44 North Carolina ....: 33 40 37 14 11 14 North Dakota ......: 355 345 280 83 190 105 Ohio ..............: 45 50 40 20 15 15 Oklahoma ..........: 80 50 140 6 17 13 Oregon ............: 15 20 20 6 8 12 Pennsylvania ......: 85 87 70 36 61 47 : South Dakota ......: 215 260 265 56 75 69 Texas .............: 460 450 390 35 35 70 Wisconsin .........: 175 140 135 61 65 75 : United States .....: 2,550 2,581 2,555 650 890 831 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Oat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- -------- 1,000 bushels ------- : Arkansas ..........: 90.0 61.0 62.0 540 366 310 California ........: 65.0 65.0 75.0 325 390 375 Georgia ...........: 70.0 51.0 61.0 1,400 765 915 Idaho .............: 72.0 64.0 91.0 936 1,024 1,092 Illinois ..........: 83.0 83.0 90.0 1,245 830 1,530 Iowa ..............: 77.0 80.0 80.0 4,004 3,200 7,600 Kansas ............: 50.0 41.0 66.0 1,000 1,025 1,980 Maine .............: 78.0 86.0 62.0 1,482 2,064 1,302 Michigan ..........: 63.0 61.0 66.0 1,260 1,830 1,650 Minnesota .........: 57.0 59.0 77.0 4,389 8,260 6,699 : Missouri ..........: 60.0 52.0 68.0 900 416 612 Montana ...........: 35.0 38.0 37.0 560 912 814 Nebraska ..........: 56.0 51.0 53.0 1,456 918 1,272 New York ..........: 68.0 54.0 60.0 1,972 2,754 2,640 North Carolina ....: 68.0 77.0 77.0 952 847 1,078 North Dakota ......: 48.0 71.0 76.0 3,984 13,490 7,980 Ohio ..............: 67.0 70.0 76.0 1,340 1,050 1,140 Oklahoma ..........: 45.0 20.0 60.0 270 340 780 Oregon ............: 62.0 105.0 79.0 372 840 948 Pennsylvania ......: 65.0 59.0 61.0 2,340 3,599 2,867 : South Dakota ......: 67.0 80.0 74.0 3,752 6,000 5,106 Texas .............: 45.0 55.0 54.0 1,575 1,925 3,780 Wisconsin .........: 62.0 74.0 61.0 3,782 4,810 4,575 : United States .....: 61.3 64.8 68.6 39,836 57,655 57,045 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : 1,000 acres : Alaska ...........: 6 6 7 5 5 6 Arizona ..........: 18 17 17 16 16 15 California .......: 40 40 40 13 19 19 Colorado .........: 52 61 54 47 40 51 Delaware .........: 21 21 21 14 16 12 Idaho ............: 530 560 570 500 540 540 Kansas ...........: 14 15 16 4 5 5 Maine ............: 12 11 11 10 10 9 Maryland .........: 33 28 31 18 16 13 Michigan .........: 10 9 7 8 8 6 : Minnesota ........: 55 65 60 34 55 54 Montana ..........: 970 1,040 1,190 650 850 1,015 New York .........: 9 9 9 5 5 5 North Carolina ...: 13 16 16 7 11 10 North Dakota .....: 580 740 690 430 660 570 Oregon ...........: 40 36 41 21 19 24 Pennsylvania .....: 45 41 47 28 20 28 South Dakota .....: 30 30 38 14 7 9 Utah .............: 18 20 16 10 15 14 Virginia .........: 30 30 30 7 7 6 : Washington .......: 83 72 95 70 60 84 Wisconsin ........: 15 14 12 7 3 2 Wyoming ..........: 84 78 83 72 59 58 : United States ....: 2,708 2,959 3,101 1,990 2,446 2,555 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Barley Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : ---------- bushels ---------- -------- 1,000 bushels -------- : Alaska ...........: 51.0 42.0 38.0 255 210 228 Arizona ..........: 125.0 133.0 132.0 2,000 2,128 1,980 California .......: 63.0 55.0 75.0 819 1,045 1,425 Colorado .........: 111.0 111.0 131.0 5,217 4,440 6,681 Delaware .........: 75.0 87.0 95.0 1,050 1,392 1,140 Idaho ............: 89.0 111.0 112.0 44,500 59,940 60,480 Kansas ...........: 66.0 33.0 29.0 264 165 145 Maine ............: 82.0 65.0 45.0 820 650 405 Maryland .........: 75.0 82.0 96.0 1,350 1,312 1,248 Michigan .........: 50.0 50.0 60.0 400 400 360 : Minnesota ........: 55.0 72.0 74.0 1,870 3,960 3,996 Montana ..........: 38.0 41.0 49.0 24,700 34,850 49,735 New York .........: 63.0 61.0 65.0 315 305 325 North Carolina ...: 70.0 69.0 76.0 490 759 760 North Dakota .....: 51.0 73.0 71.0 21,930 48,180 40,470 Oregon ...........: 32.0 55.0 33.0 672 1,045 792 Pennsylvania .....: 80.0 67.0 81.0 2,240 1,340 2,268 South Dakota .....: 20.0 54.0 52.0 280 378 468 Utah .............: 81.0 82.0 73.0 810 1,230 1,022 Virginia .........: 75.0 86.0 83.0 525 602 498 : Washington .......: 38.0 84.0 53.0 2,660 5,040 4,452 Wisconsin ........: 53.0 55.0 63.0 371 165 126 Wyoming ..........: 91.0 93.0 104.0 6,552 5,487 6,032 : United States ....: 60.3 71.6 72.4 120,090 175,023 185,036 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama ...........: 175 180 205 110 120 145 Arizona ...........: 60 85 38 59 84 37 Arkansas ..........: 210 220 230 145 150 165 California ........: 385 390 338 110 105 97 Colorado ..........: 2,200 1,950 2,300 1,880 1,430 1,820 Delaware ..........: 60 80 80 35 54 69 Georgia ...........: 220 200 195 110 100 85 Idaho .............: 1,227 1,157 1,170 1,132 1,077 1,035 Illinois ..........: 670 650 840 610 560 780 Indiana ...........: 340 290 405 270 240 335 : Kansas ............: 7,300 7,300 8,100 7,000 6,600 5,750 Kentucky ..........: 510 530 610 350 375 460 Maryland ..........: 345 355 340 160 170 195 Michigan ..........: 610 460 600 560 415 560 Minnesota .........: 1,210 1,250 1,300 1,160 1,210 1,260 Mississippi .......: 95 100 120 70 75 95 Missouri ..........: 640 630 780 490 410 600 Montana ...........: 5,520 5,460 5,255 4,530 4,915 5,025 Nebraska ..........: 920 980 1,130 840 820 880 New Jersey ........: 23 26 34 16 22 32 : New Mexico ........: 380 360 405 80 90 85 New York ..........: 155 140 150 125 100 120 North Carolina ....: 450 480 480 345 375 400 North Dakota ......: 6,470 6,195 6,610 6,090 6,135 6,530 Ohio ..............: 580 510 650 515 465 590 Oklahoma ..........: 4,400 4,300 4,550 2,950 2,450 2,450 Oregon ............: 720 730 740 705 715 725 Pennsylvania ......: 270 270 280 195 210 230 South Carolina ....: 125 120 110 100 100 95 South Dakota ......: 1,520 1,580 1,660 1,290 1,440 1,350 : Tennessee .........: 400 410 470 330 335 390 Texas .............: 5,500 5,300 6,400 2,000 1,300 2,100 Utah ..............: 110 110 105 93 88 87 Virginia ..........: 205 230 200 120 150 135 Washington ........: 2,330 2,325 2,300 2,230 2,270 2,240 Wisconsin .........: 290 300 280 245 235 230 Wyoming ...........: 115 115 115 95 95 90 : United States .....: 46,740 45,768 49,575 37,145 35,485 37,272 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued All Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels ---------- --------- 1,000 bushels --------- : Alabama ...........: 83.0 72.0 75.0 9,130 8,640 10,875 Arizona ...........: 90.0 114.0 103.0 5,310 9,576 3,811 Arkansas ..........: 58.0 53.0 57.0 8,410 7,950 9,405 California ........: 87.1 85.3 86.0 9,580 8,960 8,338 Colorado ..........: 37.0 25.0 41.0 69,560 35,750 74,620 Delaware ..........: 70.0 76.0 92.0 2,450 4,104 6,348 Georgia ...........: 56.0 58.0 55.0 6,160 5,800 4,675 Idaho .............: 67.6 86.8 86.1 76,534 93,515 89,110 Illinois ..........: 79.0 79.0 87.0 48,190 44,240 67,860 Indiana ...........: 85.0 81.0 92.0 22,950 19,440 30,820 : Kansas ............: 52.0 37.0 35.0 364,000 244,200 201,250 Kentucky ..........: 87.0 80.0 88.0 30,450 30,000 40,480 Maryland ..........: 79.0 78.0 85.0 12,640 13,260 16,575 Michigan ..........: 81.0 83.0 83.0 45,360 34,445 46,480 Minnesota .........: 48.0 61.0 62.0 55,680 73,810 78,120 Mississippi .......: 59.0 52.0 52.0 4,130 3,900 4,940 Missouri ..........: 65.0 60.0 70.0 31,850 24,600 42,000 Montana ...........: 22.2 28.3 37.2 100,610 139,300 186,705 Nebraska ..........: 49.0 32.0 42.0 41,160 26,240 36,960 New Jersey ........: 67.0 70.0 82.0 1,072 1,540 2,624 : New Mexico ........: 36.0 17.0 11.0 2,880 1,530 935 New York ..........: 77.0 72.0 81.0 9,625 7,200 9,720 North Carolina ....: 56.0 64.0 70.0 19,320 24,000 28,000 North Dakota ......: 32.2 48.9 47.1 196,195 299,900 307,845 Ohio ..............: 85.0 79.0 90.0 43,775 36,735 53,100 Oklahoma ..........: 39.0 28.0 28.0 115,050 68,600 68,600 Oregon ............: 45.0 68.0 56.0 31,725 48,620 40,600 Pennsylvania ......: 77.0 73.0 76.0 15,015 15,330 17,480 South Carolina ....: 53.0 57.0 58.0 5,300 5,700 5,510 South Dakota ......: 34.0 50.0 45.1 43,800 72,040 60,850 : Tennessee .........: 71.0 73.0 80.0 23,430 24,455 31,200 Texas .............: 37.0 30.0 37.0 74,000 39,000 77,700 Utah ..............: 46.0 36.0 53.0 4,278 3,168 4,611 Virginia ..........: 67.0 68.0 78.0 8,040 10,200 10,530 Washington ........: 39.1 63.4 50.5 87,180 144,020 113,120 Wisconsin .........: 75.0 78.0 76.0 18,375 18,330 17,480 Wyoming ...........: 32.0 17.0 30.0 3,040 1,615 2,700 : United States .....: 44.3 46.5 48.6 1,646,254 1,649,713 1,811,977 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Winter Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Alabama ...........: 175 180 205 110 120 145 Arkansas ..........: 210 220 230 145 150 165 California ........: 360 350 320 90 70 80 Colorado ..........: 2,200 1,950 2,300 1,880 1,430 1,820 Delaware ..........: 60 80 80 35 54 69 Georgia ...........: 220 200 195 110 100 85 Idaho .............: 710 770 750 640 710 630 Illinois ..........: 670 650 840 610 560 780 Indiana ...........: 340 290 405 270 240 335 Kansas ............: 7,300 7,300 8,100 7,000 6,600 5,750 : Kentucky ..........: 510 530 610 350 375 460 Maryland ..........: 345 355 340 160 170 195 Michigan ..........: 610 460 600 560 415 560 Mississippi .......: 95 100 120 70 75 95 Missouri ..........: 640 630 780 490 410 600 Montana ...........: 1,950 2,050 1,850 1,730 1,800 1,680 Nebraska ..........: 920 980 1,130 840 820 880 New Jersey ........: 23 26 34 16 22 32 New Mexico ........: 380 360 405 80 90 85 New York ..........: 155 140 150 125 100 120 : North Carolina ....: 450 480 480 345 375 400 North Dakota ......: 90 105 155 60 95 145 Ohio ..............: 580 510 650 515 465 590 Oklahoma ..........: 4,400 4,300 4,550 2,950 2,450 2,450 Oregon ............: 720 730 740 705 715 725 Pennsylvania ......: 270 270 280 195 210 230 South Carolina ....: 125 120 110 100 100 95 South Dakota ......: 800 830 920 710 730 700 Tennessee .........: 400 410 470 330 335 390 Texas .............: 5,500 5,300 6,400 2,000 1,300 2,100 : Utah ..............: 110 110 105 93 88 87 Virginia ..........: 205 230 200 120 150 135 Washington ........: 1,750 1,850 1,800 1,690 1,800 1,750 Wisconsin .........: 290 300 280 245 235 230 Wyoming ...........: 115 115 115 95 95 90 : United States .....: 33,678 33,281 36,699 25,464 23,454 24,683 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- See footnote(s) at end of table. --continued Winter Wheat Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 (continued) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- --------- 1,000 bushels --------- : Alabama ...........: 83.0 72.0 75.0 9,130 8,640 10,875 Arkansas ..........: 58.0 53.0 57.0 8,410 7,950 9,405 California ........: 82.0 73.0 80.0 7,380 5,110 6,400 Colorado ..........: 37.0 25.0 41.0 69,560 35,750 74,620 Delaware ..........: 70.0 76.0 92.0 2,450 4,104 6,348 Georgia ...........: 56.0 58.0 55.0 6,160 5,800 4,675 Idaho .............: 71.0 90.0 89.0 45,440 63,900 56,070 Illinois ..........: 79.0 79.0 87.0 48,190 44,240 67,860 Indiana ...........: 85.0 81.0 92.0 22,950 19,440 30,820 Kansas ............: 52.0 37.0 35.0 364,000 244,200 201,250 : Kentucky ..........: 87.0 80.0 88.0 30,450 30,000 40,480 Maryland ..........: 79.0 78.0 85.0 12,640 13,260 16,575 Michigan ..........: 81.0 83.0 83.0 45,360 34,445 46,480 Mississippi .......: 59.0 52.0 52.0 4,130 3,900 4,940 Missouri ..........: 65.0 60.0 70.0 31,850 24,600 42,000 Montana ...........: 31.0 33.0 51.0 53,630 59,400 85,680 Nebraska ..........: 49.0 32.0 42.0 41,160 26,240 36,960 New Jersey ........: 67.0 70.0 82.0 1,072 1,540 2,624 New Mexico ........: 36.0 17.0 11.0 2,880 1,530 935 New York ..........: 77.0 72.0 81.0 9,625 7,200 9,720 : North Carolina ....: 56.0 64.0 70.0 19,320 24,000 28,000 North Dakota ......: 33.0 60.0 56.0 1,980 5,700 8,120 Ohio ..............: 85.0 79.0 90.0 43,775 36,735 53,100 Oklahoma ..........: 39.0 28.0 28.0 115,050 68,600 68,600 Oregon ............: 45.0 68.0 56.0 31,725 48,620 40,600 Pennsylvania ......: 77.0 73.0 76.0 15,015 15,330 17,480 South Carolina ....: 53.0 57.0 58.0 5,300 5,700 5,510 South Dakota ......: 38.0 52.0 47.0 26,980 37,960 32,900 Tennessee .........: 71.0 73.0 80.0 23,430 24,455 31,200 Texas .............: 37.0 30.0 37.0 74,000 39,000 77,700 : Utah ..............: 46.0 36.0 53.0 4,278 3,168 4,611 Virginia ..........: 67.0 68.0 78.0 8,040 10,200 10,530 Washington ........: 42.0 68.0 54.0 70,980 122,400 94,500 Wisconsin .........: 75.0 78.0 76.0 18,375 18,330 17,480 Wyoming ...........: 32.0 17.0 30.0 3,040 1,615 2,700 : United States .....: 50.2 47.0 50.6 1,277,755 1,103,062 1,247,748 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. Other Spring Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Idaho ........: 510 380 410 485 360 395 Minnesota ....: 1,210 1,250 1,300 1,160 1,210 1,260 Montana ......: 2,900 2,700 2,700 2,180 2,440 2,670 North Dakota .: 5,500 5,300 5,550 5,210 5,260 5,520 South Dakota .: 720 750 740 580 710 650 Washington ...: 580 475 500 540 470 490 : United States : 11,420 10,855 11,200 10,155 10,450 10,985 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels --------- -------- 1,000 bushels -------- : Idaho ........: 63.0 81.0 82.0 30,555 29,160 32,390 Minnesota ....: 48.0 61.0 62.0 55,680 73,810 78,120 Montana ......: 17.0 25.0 30.0 37,060 61,000 80,100 North Dakota .: 33.5 50.0 48.5 174,535 263,000 267,720 South Dakota .: 29.0 48.0 43.0 16,820 34,080 27,950 Washington ...: 30.0 46.0 38.0 16,200 21,620 18,620 : United States : 32.6 46.2 46.0 330,850 482,670 504,900 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Durum Wheat Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Arizona .........: 60 85 38 59 84 37 California ......: 25 40 18 20 35 17 Idaho ...........: 7 7 10 7 7 10 Montana .........: 670 710 705 620 675 675 North Dakota ....: 880 790 905 820 780 865 : United States ...: 1,642 1,632 1,676 1,526 1,581 1,604 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ---------- bushels ---------- -------- 1,000 bushels ------- : Arizona .........: 90.0 114.0 103.0 5,310 9,576 3,811 California ......: 110.0 110.0 114.0 2,200 3,850 1,938 Idaho ...........: 77.0 65.0 65.0 539 455 650 Montana .........: 16.0 28.0 31.0 9,920 18,900 20,925 North Dakota ....: 24.0 40.0 37.0 19,680 31,200 32,005 : United States ...: 24.7 40.5 37.0 37,649 63,981 59,329 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat Production by Class - United States: 2021-2023 [Wheat class estimates are based on the latest available data including both surveys and administrative data] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Crop : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 bushels : Winter : Hard red ......: 749,878 530,966 601,017 Soft red ......: 360,697 336,146 449,017 Hard white ....: 20,303 10,647 14,142 Soft white ....: 146,877 225,303 183,572 : Spring : Hard red ......: 297,076 446,495 468,068 Hard white ....: 5,662 6,707 8,745 Soft white ....: 28,112 29,468 28,087 Durum .........: 37,649 63,981 59,329 : Total ...... : 1,646,254 1,649,713 1,811,977 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat Class Percentage Estimates The following percentages are the basis for the United States wheat production by class estimates each year. These estimates are based on the latest varietal or class survey data available. These end-of-season percentages will be used during the 2024 forecast season. However, if an unusual situation significantly distorts a State's normal distribution, then updated percentages will be used to forecast the production by class. Winter Wheat Production Distribution by Class - States: 2022 and 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : Hard red : Soft red : Hard white : Soft white :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Alabama ...........: - - 100 100 - - - - Arkansas ..........: - - 100 100 - - - - California ........: 92 93 - - 4 4 4 3 Colorado ..........: 96 96 - - 4 4 - - Delaware ..........: - - 100 100 - - - - Georgia ...........: - - 100 99 - - - 1 Idaho .............: 17 20 - - - 1 83 79 Illinois ..........: - - 100 100 - - - - Indiana ...........: - - 100 100 - - - - Kansas ............: 94 93 3 3 3 4 - - : Kentucky ..........: - - 100 100 - - - - Maryland ..........: - - 100 100 - - - - Michigan ..........: 1 1 63 68 - - 36 31 Mississippi .......: - - 100 100 - - - - Missouri ..........: 1 1 99 99 - - - - Montana ...........: 100 100 - - - - - - Nebraska ..........: 94 94 - - 6 6 - - New Jersey ........: - - 100 100 - - - - New Mexico ........: 100 100 - - - - - - New York ..........: 5 6 94 93 - - 1 1 : North Carolina ....: - - 100 100 - - - - North Dakota ......: 100 100 - - - - - - Ohio ..............: - - 100 100 - - - - Oklahoma ..........: 99 98 1 2 - - - - Oregon ............: 5 6 - - - - 95 94 Pennsylvania ......: - 1 100 99 - - - - South Carolina ....: - - 100 100 - - - - South Dakota ......: 100 100 - - - - - - Tennessee .........: - - 100 100 - - - - Texas .............: 94 97 6 3 - - - - : Utah ..............: 73 71 - - 2 1 25 28 Virginia ..........: 1 1 99 99 - - - - Washington ........: 8 10 - - - - 92 90 Wisconsin .........: 3 3 97 97 - - - - Wyoming ...........: 97 98 - - 3 1 - 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. Other Spring Wheat (excluding Durum) Production Distribution by Class - States: 2022 and 2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Hard red : Hard white : Soft white State :----------------------------------------------------------------------- : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : percent : Idaho .........: 36 34 23 27 41 39 Minnesota .....: 100 100 - - - - Montana .......: 100 100 - - - - North Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - South Dakota ..: 100 100 - - - - Washington ....: 19 17 - - 81 83 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero. Winter Wheat Head Population The National Agricultural Statistics Service conducted objective yield surveys in 10 winter wheat estimating States during 2023. Randomly selected plots in winter wheat fields were visited monthly from May through harvest to obtain specific counts and measurements. Data in this table are actual field counts from this survey. Winter Wheat Heads per Square Foot - Selected States: 2019-2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : 2019 : 2020 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : number : Colorado : July ................: 49.3 43.0 49.9 40.8 41.5 August ..............: 50.8 42.7 46.8 39.7 48.4 Final ...............: 50.8 42.7 46.8 39.7 48.4 : Illinois : July ................: 48.1 52.5 63.3 63.1 58.3 August ..............: 49.2 52.4 63.4 62.9 58.3 Final ...............: 49.2 52.4 63.4 62.9 58.3 : Kansas : July ................: 46.9 45.3 51.4 40.7 37.3 August ..............: 47.2 45.4 51.4 40.7 38.5 Final ...............: 47.2 45.4 51.4 40.7 38.5 : Missouri : July ................: 56.4 52.5 55.4 55.5 48.1 August ..............: 56.4 52.5 55.4 55.5 48.1 Final ...............: 56.4 52.5 55.4 55.5 48.1 : Montana : July ................: 45.2 37.4 40.2 36.0 44.3 August ..............: 43.5 38.8 38.9 38.2 44.8 Final ...............: 43.1 38.6 38.9 38.3 44.8 : Nebraska : July ................: 53.1 45.8 47.7 45.1 45.7 August ..............: 53.7 45.7 47.0 45.4 43.2 Final ...............: 53.7 45.7 47.0 45.4 43.2 : Ohio : July ................: 52.0 64.1 66.7 55.1 57.9 August ..............: 53.0 63.9 66.5 55.0 57.7 Final ...............: 53.0 63.9 66.5 55.0 57.7 : Oklahoma : July ................: 38.1 38.2 38.2 35.2 40.2 August ..............: 38.1 38.3 38.2 35.3 40.2 Final ...............: 38.1 38.3 38.2 35.3 40.2 : Texas : July ................: 34.3 32.7 32.1 29.0 31.2 August ..............: 34.3 32.7 31.3 28.8 31.3 Final ...............: 34.5 32.7 31.3 28.9 31.7 : Washington : July ................: 34.2 37.7 33.3 40.3 31.7 August ..............: 34.3 38.3 33.4 41.0 31.9 Final ...............: 34.6 38.2 33.4 41.1 31.9 : 10 State : July ................: 44.0 42.1 45.5 40.6 39.7 August ..............: 44.1 42.3 45.0 40.8 40.7 Final ...............: 44.2 42.3 45.0 40.8 40.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rye Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production - States and United States: 2021-2023 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted 1/ : Area harvested State :----------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Minnesota ......: 57 70 75 11 28 22 North Dakota ...: 88 110 96 36 60 63 Oklahoma .......: 250 265 260 50 50 45 Pennsylvania ...: 185 190 185 15 17 18 Wisconsin ......: 270 230 240 20 20 15 : Other States 2/ : 1,283 1,310 1,437 162 166 159 : United States ..: 2,133 2,175 2,293 294 341 322 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield : Production State :----------------------------------------------------------------- : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 : 2021 : 2022 : 2023 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : --------- bushels -------- ------- 1,000 bushels ------ : Minnesota ......: 44.0 52.0 44.0 484 1,456 968 North Dakota ...: 32.0 46.0 41.0 1,152 2,760 2,583 Oklahoma .......: 25.0 20.0 17.0 1,250 1,000 765 Pennsylvania ...: 40.0 38.0 34.0 600 646 612 Wisconsin ......: 41.0 58.0 41.0 820 1,160 615 : Other States 2/ : 34.0 31.8 30.4 5,502 5,279 4,832 : United States ..: 33.4 36.1 32.2 9,808 12,301 10,375 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ Includes area planted in preceding fall. 2/ Other States include Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, South Dakota, and Texas. Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Domestic Units - United States: 2022-2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :--------------------------------------------------------------- : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 acres : Barley .........: 2,959 3,101 2,446 2,555 Oats ...........: 2,581 2,555 890 831 Rye ............: 2,175 2,293 341 322 Wheat, all .....: 45,768 49,575 35,485 37,272 Winter ........: 33,281 36,699 23,454 24,683 Durum .........: 1,632 1,676 1,581 1,604 Other spring ..: 10,855 11,200 10,450 10,985 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield per acre : Production Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : ----- bushels ----- ----- 1,000 bushels ---- : Barley ........: 71.6 72.4 175,023 185,036 Oats ..........: 64.8 68.6 57,655 57,045 Rye ...........: 36.1 32.2 12,301 10,375 Wheat, all ....: 46.5 48.6 1,649,713 1,811,977 Winter .......: 47.0 50.6 1,103,062 1,247,748 Durum ........: 40.5 37.0 63,981 59,329 Other spring .: 46.2 46.0 482,670 504,900 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Small Grain Annual Summary Area Planted and Harvested, Yield, and Production in Metric Units - United States: 2022-2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Area planted : Area harvested Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : hectares : Barley ........: 1,197,480 1,254,940 989,870 1,033,980 Oats ..........: 1,044,500 1,033,980 360,170 336,300 Rye ...........: 880,200 927,950 138,000 130,310 Wheat, all ....: 18,521,850 20,062,510 14,360,420 15,083,610 Winter .......: 13,468,490 14,851,720 9,491,600 9,988,960 Durum ........: 660,450 678,260 639,810 649,120 Other spring .: 4,392,910 4,532,530 4,229,010 4,445,520 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Yield per hectare : Production Crop :----------------------------------------------------------- : 2022 : 2023 : 2022 : 2023 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : metric tons : Barley ........: 3.85 3.90 3,810,680 4,028,680 Oats ..........: 2.32 2.46 836,860 828,010 Rye ...........: 2.26 2.02 312,460 263,540 Wheat, all ....: 3.13 3.27 44,897,830 49,313,930 Winter .......: 3.16 3.40 30,020,430 33,958,140 Durum ........: 2.72 2.49 1,741,280 1,614,670 Other spring .: 3.11 3.09 13,136,120 13,741,130 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Crop Comments Oats: Production in 2023 was estimated at 57.0 million bushels, down 1 percent from 2022. Yield was estimated at 68.6 bushels per acre, up 3.8 bushels from the previous year. Harvested area, at 831 thousand acres, was 7 percent below 2022. Record low acres were planted in California, Minnesota, Ohio, Texas and Wisconsin. Record low acres were harvested in Georgia and Ohio. Record high yields were estimated in Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Nationally, oat producers seeded 49 percent of the 2023 acreage by April 30, five percentage points ahead of the previous year but 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Fifty-three percent of the oat acreage was emerged by May 14, nine percentage points ahead of the previous year but 2 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Heading of the oat acreage advanced to 70 percent complete by June 25, eighteen percentage points ahead of the previous year and 8 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Oat producers harvested 49 percent of the acreage by August 6, five percentage points ahead of the previous year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. At that time, harvest progress was at or ahead of the 5-year average in 6 of the 9 weekly Crop Progress estimating States. Eighty-two percent of the Nation's oat acreage was harvested by August 27, three percentage points ahead of the previous year but 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. As of September 10, ninety-five percent of the oat acreage was harvested, 1 percentage point ahead of last year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Barley: Production was estimated at 185 million bushels, up 6 percent from the 2022 total of 175 million bushels. The average yield, at 72.4 bushels per acre, was up 0.8 bushel from the previous year. Producers seeded 3.10 million acres in 2023, up 5 percent from 2022. Harvested area, at 2.56 million acres, was up 4 percent from 2022. Record low planted acres were estimated in California, Michigan, New York, Utah, and Wisconsin. Record low harvested acres were estimated in Wisconsin. Record high yields were estimated in California, Delaware, Idaho, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania. Record low production was estimated in Wisconsin. One percent of the Nation's barley acreage was planted by April 9, nine percentage point behind the previous year and 7 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Nationwide, barley producers seeded 10 percent of the Nation's acreage by April 23, thirteen percentage points behind the previous year and 12 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By April 23, emergence was evident in 1 percent of the Nation's barley acreage, 2 percentage points behind the previous year and 4 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Nationally, 86 percent of the barley acreage was sown by May 28, three percentage points ahead the previous year but 4 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Fifty-five percent of the barley acreage emerged by May 28, five percentage points behind the previous year and 12 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Heading of the Nation's barley acreage advanced to 37 percent complete by July 2, three percentage points behind the previous year and 10 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By July 30, barley producers harvested 5 percent of the Nation's acreage, equal to both last year and the 5-year average. Overall, 50 percent of the barley acreage was reported in good to excellent condition on August 6, five percentage points below the same time last year. By September 17, ninety-three percent of the barley acreage was harvested, 1 percentage point behind the previous year and 2 percentage points behind of the 5-year average. Winter wheat: Winter wheat production for 2023 totaled 1.25 billion bushels, up 13 percent from the 2022 total of 1.10 billion bushels. The United States yield, at 50.6 bushels per acre, was up 3.6 bushels from 2022. Area harvested for grain was estimated at 24.7 million acres, up 5 percent from 2022. Record low planted and harvested acres were estimated in Utah in 2023. Record high yields were estimated in Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia for 2023. The eastern third of the United States had better conditions than the rest of the country. Compared with 2022, harvested acreage was up 2 percent in the major Hard Red Winter (HRW) growing States, the primary winter wheat-producing area. HRW production totaled 601 million bushels, up 13 percent from 2022. In the Soft Red Winter (SRW) growing area, planted and harvested acreage increased from 2022. Coupled with several States estimated record high yields, SRW production totaled 449 million bushels, up 34 percent from 2022. White winter wheat production totaled 198 million bushels, down 16 percent from 2022. Harvested acreage was down 3 percent from 2022. Seeding of the 2023 winter wheat acreage began in mid-September 2022 with 10 percent sown by September 11. By October 9, producers had sown 55 percent of the intended 2023 winter wheat acreage, 3 percentage points behind the previous year and 3 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Nationwide, 26 percent of the winter wheat acreage was emerged by October 9, three percentage points behind the previous year and 6 percentage point behind the 5-year average. Emergence was at or behind the 5-year average in 16 of the 18 estimating States. Producers had sown 87 percent of the intended 2022 winter wheat acreage by October 30, one percentage point ahead of the previous year and 2 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Winter wheat planting had double-digit advances in 8 of the 18 estimating States during the week. Nationwide, 62 percent of the winter wheat acreage had emerged by October 30, three percentage points behind the previous year and 4 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Emergence was at or ahead of the 5-year average in 8 of the 18 estimating States. Overall, 28 percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition based on conditions as of October 30, compared with 45 percent at the same time the previous year. Seeding of the 2023 acreage was at 96 percent by November 13, two percentage points ahead of the previous year and 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Winter wheat planting was complete or nearing completion (95 percent or more) in 13 of the 18 estimating States. Nationwide, 81 percent of the winter wheat acreage had emerged by November 13, one percentage point ahead of the previous year and equal to the 5-year average. Winter wheat emergence advanced by 10 percentage points or more from the previous week in 9 of the 18 estimating States. Overall, 32 percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition for the week ending November 13, two percentage points above the previous week but 14 percentage points below same time the previous year as the acreage was entering dormancy. As the acreage was emerging from dormancy, 28 percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, 2 percentage points below the previous year as of April 2. In Kansas, the largest winter wheat-producing State, 16 percent of the winter wheat acreage was rated in good to excellent condition. By April 23, eighteen percent of the Nation's winter wheat acreage was headed, 8 percentage points ahead of the previous year and 4 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. On April 23, twenty-six percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, 1 percentage point below the previous week and 1 percentage point below the previous year. In Kansas, the largest winter wheat-producing State, 14 percent of the winter wheat acreage was rated in good to excellent condition. By May 14, forty-nine percent of the Nation's winter wheat acreage was headed, 3 percentage points ahead of the previous year and 1 percentage point ahead of the 5-year average. On May 14, twenty-nine percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, equal to the previous week but 2 percentage points above the same time the previous year. In Kansas, the largest winter wheat-producing State, 10 percent of the winter wheat acreage was rated in good to excellent condition. By May 28, seventy-two percent of the Nation's winter wheat acreage was headed, 1 percentage point ahead of the previous year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. As of May 28, thirty-four percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, 3 percentage point above the previous week and 5 percentage points above the same time the previous year. In Kansas, the largest winter wheat-producing State, 10 percent of the winter wheat acreage was rated in good to excellent condition. Twenty-four percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage was harvested by June 25, fifteen percentage points behind the previous year and 9 percentage points behind the 5-year average. In Kansas, the largest winter wheat-producing State, 21 percent of the State's winter wheat acreage was harvested by June 25, thirty-three percentage points behind the previous year and 9 percentage points behind the 5-year average. As of June 25, forty percent of the 2023 winter wheat United States acreage was reported in good to excellent condition, two percent above the previous week and 10 percentage points above the same time the previous year. Sixty-eight percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage had been harvested by July 23, eight percentage points behind the previous year and 9 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Winter wheat harvest progress was complete or nearing completion in 8 of 18 estimating States. In Kansas, 87 percent of the State's winter wheat acreage was harvested by July 23, thirteen percentage points behind the previous year and 11 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Winter wheat harvest progress continued with advances of 20 percentage points or more from the previous week reported in Colorado, Nebraska, Oregon, and South Dakota. Ninety-six percent of the 2023 winter wheat acreage had been harvested by August 20, two percentage points ahead of the previous year and equal to the 5-year average. Winter wheat harvest progress was complete or nearing completion in all estimating States except Idaho, Montana, and Washington. Other spring wheat: Production for 2023 was estimated at 505 million bushels, up 5 percent from the 2022 total of 483 million bushels. Harvested area totaled 11.0 million acres, up 5 percent from 2022. The United States yield was estimated at 46.0 bushels per acre, down 0.2 bushel from 46.2 bushels per acre in 2022. Of the total production, 468 million bushels were Hard Red Spring wheat, up 5 percent from the 2022 total. Seeding of the 2023 spring wheat acreage began in April. Twelve percent of the spring wheat acreage was seeded by April 30, six percentage points behind the previous year and 10 percentage points behind the 5-year average. As of April 30, Washington led the Nation in planting progress with 74 percent. By April 30, two percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage had emerged, 3 percentage points behind last year and 4 percentage points behind the 5-year average. As of May 14, forty percent of the spring wheat acreage was seeded, 3 percentage points ahead of the previous year but 17 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Minnesota and North Dakota only had 3 percent and 2 percent seeded, respectively. As of May 14, thirteen percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage had emerged, 2 percentage points behind the previous year and 10 percentage points behind the 5-year average. As of May 28, eighty-five percent of the spring wheat acreage was seeded, 15 percentage points ahead of the previous year but 1 percentage point behind the 5-year average. As of May 28, fifty-seven percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage had emerged, 17 percentage points ahead of the previous year but 2 percentage points behind the 5-year average. By June 25, thirty-one percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage had reached the headed stage, 24 percentage points ahead of the previous year and 6 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Fifty percent of the Nation's spring wheat was rated in good to excellent condition, 1 percent below the previous week and 9 percent below the same time the previous year. By July 16, eighty-six percent of the Nation's spring wheat acreage had reached the headed stage, 21 percentage points ahead of the previous year and 3 percentage points ahead of the 5-year average. Fifty-one percent of the Nation's spring wheat was rated in good to excellent condition, 4 percentage points above the previous week but 20 percentage points below the same time the previous year. By August 20, thirty-nine percent of the spring wheat had been harvested, 8 percentage points ahead of the previous year but 7 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Harvest progress was 13 percentage points or more, behind last year, in Idaho, Minnesota and North Dakota. Thirty-eight percent of the Nation's spring wheat was rated in good to excellent condition, 4 percentage points below the previous week and 26 percentage points below the same time the previous year. By September 3, seventy-four percent of the spring wheat was harvested, 6 percentage points ahead of the previous year but 3 percentage points behind the 5-year average. Harvest progress advanced 14 percentage points or more in 5 of the 6 estimating States during the week. Durum wheat: Production for 2023 was estimated at 59.3 million bushels, down 7 percent from the 2022 total of 64.0 million bushels. Area harvested for grain totaled 1.60 million acres, up 1 percent from 2022. The United States yield was estimated at 37.0 bushels per acre, down 3.5 bushels from the 2022 yield. A record high yield was estimated in California in 2023. Production in Montana and North Dakota, the largest Durum wheat-producing States, were up 11 and 3 percent, respectively, from 2022. Harvest was 88 percent complete in Montana and 68 percent in North Dakota by September 10. Rye: Production for 2023 was estimated at 10.4 million bushels, down 16 percent from the 2022 total. Harvested area totaled 322,000 acres, down 19,000 acres from 2022. The United States yield was 32.2 bushels per acre and was down 3.9 bushels from 2022. Planted area totaled 2.29 million acres, up 5 percent from 2022, and was the highest since 1988. Much of those acres were used as a cover crop. Statistical Methodology Survey procedures: Objective yield and farm operator surveys were conducted to gather information on small grain acreage, yield, and production. The objective yield survey was conducted in 10 States that accounted for 64 percent of the 2023 winter wheat production. Early in the growing season, farm operators were interviewed to seek permission to randomly locate two sample plots in selected winter wheat fields. Throughout the growing season, counts such as number of stalks, heads in late boot, and number of emerged heads were collected from these plots. The plots were revisited each month until crop maturity when the heads were clipped, threshed, and weighed. After the farm operator harvested the sample field, enumerators revisited the sample to collect data in order to measure harvesting loss. Data from operators was collected by mail, internet, or telephone, to obtain information on crop acreage, yield and production for the 2023 crop year. Approximately 55,900 producers were interviewed during the first two weeks of September and asked questions pertaining to planted and harvested area as well as yield and production. Estimating Procedures: National and State level objective yield and grower reported data were reviewed for reasonableness and consistency with historical estimates. The survey data were also reviewed considering weather patterns and crop progress compared with previous years. Each Regional Field Office submits an estimate and written analysis for their State to the Agricultural Statistics Board (ASB). The ASB uses the survey data, administrative data, and the State analysis to prepare the estimates published in this report. Revision Policy: Estimates contained in this report may be revised in the Crop Production Annual Summary report published in January should new information become available. Previous year acreage, yield, and production estimates can be revised in the Small Grain Summary published the following year, if new information is available that would justify a change. Estimates will also be reviewed after data for the 5-year Census of Agriculture are available. No revisions will be made after that date. Reliability: The surveys used to make the acreage, yield, and production estimates contained in this report are subject to sampling and non-sampling type errors that are common to all surveys. Reliability of the objective yield and farmer survey must be treated separately because the survey designs for the two surveys are different. The objective yield indications are subject to sampling variability because all acres of winter wheat are not included in the sample. The farm operator survey indications are also subject to sampling variability because all operations with small grains are not included in the sample. This variability, as measured by the relative standard error at the National level, is approximately 2.0 percent for winter wheat, 7.0 percent for Durum wheat, and 3.6 percent for other spring wheat. This means that chances are approximately 95 out of 100 that survey estimates for production will be within plus or minus 4.0 percent for winter wheat, 14.0 percent for Durum wheat, and 7.2 percent for other spring wheat of the value that could be developed by averaging the estimates produced from all possible samples selected from the same population and surveyed using the same procedures. The relative standard errors for barley, oats, and rye are 8.7, 7.2, and 11.7 percent, respectively. Survey indications are also subject to non-sampling errors such as omission, duplication, imputation for missing data, and mistakes in reporting, recording, and processing the data. These errors cannot be measured directly, but they are minimized through rigid quality controls in the data collection process and a careful review of all reported data for consistency and reasonableness. Information Contacts Listed below are the commodity statisticians in the Crops Branch of the National Agricultural Statistics Service to contact for additional information. E-mail inquiries may be sent to nass@usda.gov Lance Honig, Chief, Crops Branch..................................................... (202) 720-2127 Chris Hawthorn, Head, Field Crops Section............................................ (202) 720-2127 Irwin Anolik - Crop Progress and Condition...................................... (202) 720-7621 Joshua Bates - Hemp, Oats, Soybeans............................................. (202) 690-3234 Natasha Bruton - Barley, Cotton System Consumption and Stocks, Grain Crushings.. (202) 690-1042 David Colwell - Fats and Oils, Flour Milling Products........................... (202) 720-8800 Michelle Harder - County Estimates, Hay......................................... (202) 690-8533 James Johanson - Rye, Wheat..................................................... (202) 720-8068 Greg Lemmons - Corn, Flaxseed, Proso Millet..................................... (202) 720-9526 Becky Sommer - Cotton, Cotton Ginnings, Sorghum................................. (202) 720-5944 Travis Thorson - Sunflower, Other Oilseeds...................................... (202) 720-7369 Jennifer Van Court - Peanuts, Rice.............................................. (202) 720-2127 Access to NASS Reports For your convenience, you may access NASS reports and products the following ways: All reports are available electronically, at no cost, on the NASS web site: www.nass.usda.gov. Both national and state specific reports are available via a free e- mail subscription. To set-up this free subscription, visit www.nass.usda.gov and click on "National" or "State" in upper right corner above "search" box to create an account and select the reports you would like to receive. Cornell's Mann Library has launched a new website housing NASS's and other agency's archived reports. The new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. All email subscriptions containing reports will be sent from the new website, https://usda.library.cornell.edu. To continue receiving the reports via e-mail, you will have to go to the new website, create a new account and re-subscribe to the reports. If you need instructions to set up an account or subscribe, they are located at: https://usda.library.cornell.edu/help. You should whitelist notifications@usda-esmis.library.cornell.edu in your email client to avoid the emails going into spam/junk folders. For more information on NASS surveys and reports, call the NASS Agricultural Statistics Hotline at (800) 727-9540, 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET, or e-mail: nass@usda.gov. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for employment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.) If you wish to file a Civil Rights program complaint of discrimination, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form (PDF), found online at www.ascr.usda.gov/filing-program-discrimination-complaint-usda-customer, or at any USDA office, or call (866) 632-9992 to request the form. You may also write a letter containing all of the information requested in the form. Send your completed complaint form or letter to us by mail at U.S. Department of Agriculture, Director, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, by fax (202) 690-7442 or email at program.intake@usda.gov.