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{{Short description|Protected marine area near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, United States}}
'''Monitor National Marine Sanctuary''' is the site of the wreck of the [[USS Monitor]], one of the most famous shipwrecks in U.S. history. It was designated as the country's first national marine sanctuary on [[January 30]], [[1975]], and is the only one of the thirteen national marine sanctuaries created to protect a cultural resource rather than a natural resource. The sanctuary comprises a column of water one nautical mile in diameter extending from the ocean’s surface to the seabed around the wreck of the Civil War [[ironclad]], which lies 16 miles south-southeast of [[Cape Hatteras]], N.C. Average water depth in the sanctuary is 230 feet, depending on tidal cycles and the [[Gulf Stream]]. Since its sinking in [[1862]], the ''Monitor'' has become an artificial reef attracting numerous fish species, including [[amberjack]], black seabass, oyster toadfish and great [[barracuda]].▼
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
| alt_name =
| iucn_category =
| photo = Monitor National Marine Sanctuary.jpg
| photo_alt = Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
| photo_caption = Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
| photo_width = 200
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| location = [[Cape Hatteras]], [[North Carolina]], [[United States]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|35.00195|-75.40633|format=dms|region:US_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://monitor.noaa.gov/shipwrecks/uss_monitor.html|title=Ship Stats|publisher=NOAA}}</ref>
| area = {{convert|.785|sqnmi|sqkm}}
| established = 1975
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[National Ocean Service|NOAA National Ocean Service]]
| world_heritage_site =
| url = http://monitor.noaa.gov/
}}
 
▲'''Monitor National Marine Sanctuary''' is the site of the wreck of the [[{{USS |Monitor]]}}, one of the most famous shipwrecks in U.S. history. It was designated as the country's first [[United States National Marine Sanctuary|national marine sanctuary]] on [[January 30]], [[1975]], and is theone of only onetwo of the thirteensixteen<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanctuary Map {{!}} Monitor National Marine Sanctuary|url=https://monitor.noaa.gov/about/sanctuary-map.html|access-date=2020-11-30|website=monitor.noaa.gov}}</ref> national marine sanctuaries created to protect a cultural resource rather than a natural resource. The sanctuary comprises a column of water one nautical mile{{convert|1|nmi|km}} in diameter extending from the ocean’s surface to the seabed around the wreck of the Civil War [[ironclad]], which lies {{convert|16 miles|nmi|km}} south-southeast of [[Cape Hatteras]], N.C[[North Carolina]]. Average water depth in the sanctuary is {{convert|230 feet, depending on tidal cycles and the [[Gulf Stream]]|ft|m}}. Since its sinking in [[1862]], the ''Monitor'' has become an artificial reef attracting numerous fish species, including [[amberjack]], black seabasssea-bass, oyster toadfish and great [[barracuda]].
==USS Monitor==▼
[[Image:H58758.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Engraving of the ''Monitor'' sinking]]▼
The ''Monitor'' was the prototype for a class of [[U.S. Civil War]] ironclad, turreted warships that significantly altered both naval technology and marine architecture in the nineteenth century. Designed by the Swedish engineer [[John Ericsson]], the vessel contained all of the emerging innovations that revolutionized warfare at sea. The Monitor was constructed in a mere 110 days. <ref>http://www.npr.org/programs/re/archivesdate/1997/sanct/monitor.html</ref> ▼
 
▲==USS ''Monitor''==
While the design of ''Monitor'' was well-suited for river combat, her low freeboard and heavy turret made her highly unseaworthy in rough waters. This feature probably led to the early loss of the original ''Monitor'', which foundered during a heavy storm. Swamped by high waves while under tow by [[USS Rhode Island (1861)|''Rhode Island'']], she sank on [[December 31]], [[1862]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] off Cape Hatteras. Sixteen of 62 crewmen were lost in the storm.▼
▲[[ImageFile:USS Monitor - H58758.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Engraving of the ''Monitor'' sinking]]
▲The ''Monitor'' was the prototype for a class of [[U.S. Civil War]] ironclad, turreted warships that significantly altered both naval technology and marine architecture in the nineteenth century. Designed by the Swedish engineer [[John Ericsson]], the vessel contained all of the emerging innovations that revolutionized warfare at sea. The ''Monitor'' was constructed in a mere 110 days. <ref>http{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/programs/re/archivesdate/1997/sanct/monitor.html|title=NPR - Radio Expeditions: Monitor National Marine Sanctuary|first=Michael|last=Yoch|website=www.npr.org|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
 
▲While the design of ''Monitor'' was well-suited for river combat, her low freeboard and heavy turret made her highly unseaworthy in rough waters. This feature probably led to the early loss of the original ''Monitor'', which foundered during a heavy storm. Swamped by high waves while under tow by [[USS Rhode Island (1861)|''Rhode Island'']], she sank on [[December 31]]30, [[1862]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] off Cape Hatteras. Sixteen of 62 crewmen were lost in the storm.
 
==Rediscovery==
 
In [[1973]], the wreck of the ironclad ''Monitor'' was located on the floor of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] by an interdisciplinary team of scientists from [[Duke University]]’s Marine Laboratory.<ref name=Dinsmore1999>{{Cite book |author1=Dinsmore, David A |author2=Broadwater, John D |chapter=1998 NOAA Research Expedition to the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary |editor1=Hamilton RW |editor2=Pence DF |editor3=Kesling DE |title=Assessment and Feasibility of Technical Diving Operations for Scientific Exploration |year=1999 |chapter-url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9000 |access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref> The discovery was preceded by extensive historical research and the selection of probable areas for the ''Monitor''’s sinking. The search team located what they believed to be the wreck of the ''Monitor'' using side-scan sonar and remotely operated cameras. In [[1974]], the U.S. Navy and the [[National Geographic Society]] launched a second expedition that confirmed the identity of the ''Monitor'' and produced detailed photographic documentation of the wreck site. One year later, in 1975, the site was designated as the nation’s first marine sanctuary.<ref name=Dinsmore1999/>
 
==Preservation==
 
Initial dives in the 1970s and later research expeditions in the early 1990s have indicated that the ''Monitor''’s iron hull, having been inundated with saltwater for over 100 years, is deteriorating at an accelerated rate. In [[1998]], the U.S. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) developed a plan to recover significant "iconic" sections of the wreck for conservation and public display. Additionally, NOAA developed a plan to help stabilize the wreck from further deterioration as much as possible.<ref name=Dinsmore1999/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/science/condition/monitor/history.html|title=National Marine Sanctuaries|first=US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric|last=Administration|website=sanctuaries.noaa.gov|access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
 
The warship's propeller was raised to the surface in 1998. On [[July 16]], [[2001]], divers from the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary and the [[United States Navy Diver|US Navy]] brought to the surface the {{convert|30-ton|MT|LT|adj=on}} steam engine. InDue to the depth of the wreck, the divers utilized [[2002Surface supplied diving|surface supplied diving techniques]] while breathing [[heliox]].<ref name=IEEE2001>{{Cite book|vauthors=Southerland DG, Davidson DL |chapter=Electronic diving data collection during Monitor expedition 2001 |date=2002-10-29 |pages=908–912 |volume=2 |chapter-url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/7970 |access-date=2011-01-08 |title=Oceans 2002 |doi=10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1192089 |isbn=978-0-7803-7534-5 |s2cid=107060334 }}</ref> In 2002, after 41 days of work, the revolutionary revolving gun turret was recovered by the NOAA and a team of U.S. Navy divers. Before removing the turret, divers discovered the remains of two trapped crew members. The remains of these sailors, who died while on duty, are{{when|date=June 2021}} at the Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command at [[Hickam Air Force Base]], Hawaii, awaiting positive identification.{{when|date=June 2021}}▼
[[Image:USSMonitorHistoricalMarkerHatterasNC.JPG|thumb|left|USS ''Monitor'' Historical Marker outside the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum, in Hatteras, NC]]
▲The warship's propeller was raised to the surface in 1998. On [[July 16]], [[2001]], divers brought to the surface the 30-ton steam engine. In [[2002]], after 41 days of work, the revolutionary revolving gun turret was recovered by the NOAA and a team of U.S. Navy divers. Before removing the turret, divers discovered the remains of two trapped crew members. The remains of these sailors, who died while on duty, are at the Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command at [[Hickam Air Force Base]], Hawaii, awaiting positive identification.
 
Many artifacts from ''Monitor'', including her turret, propeller, anchor, engine, delicate glass bottles, lumps of coal, wood paneling, a leather book cover and even walnut halves, have been conserved and are on display at the [[Mariners' Museum]] of [[Newport News, Virginia]]. Once conservation is complete, artifacts are available for exhibition and study. While the majority of the ''Monitor'' artifacts remain at The Mariners’ Museum, other facilities including the [[Richmond National Battlefield Park]] in Virginia, Civil War Naval Museum in [[Columbus, Georgia]], Nauticus in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], and soon the [[Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum]] in [[Hatteras, N.C.North Carolina]], also display artifacts from the historic ship.
 
In [[1986]], ''Monitor'' was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]]. It is one of only three accessible [[Monitor (warship)|monitor]] wrecks in the world, the others being the Australian vessel [[HMVS Cerberus|HMVS ''Cerberus'']], and the Norwegian [[HNoMS Thor (1872)|KNM ''Thor'']], which lies at about {{convert|25 feet|ft|m}} off [[Verdens Ende]] in [[Vestfold]] county, [[Norway]].
 
==References==
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==External links==
* Official NOAA website: [http://www.monitor.noaa.gov/{{commons category|Monitor National Marine Sanctuary]}}
* {{Official website|https://monitor.noaa.gov/}}
 
{{Protected Areasareas of North Carolina}}
{{National marine sanctuaries of the United States}}
 
{{authority control}}
{{coord missing|North Carolina}}
 
[[Category:Dare County, North Carolina]]▼
[[Category:National Marine Sanctuaries of the United States]]
▲[[Category:Protected areas of Dare County, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Protected areas of North Carolina]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in North Carolina]]
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