Neobacillus: Difference between revisions

*''[[Bacillus vireti|N. vireti]]''

'''''Neobacillus''''' is a genus of rod-shaped bacteria that show [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] or Gram-variable staining.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Sudip|last2=Gupta|first2=Radhey S.|date=2020-01-01|title=A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov.|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.003775|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=1|pages=406–438|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.003775|pmid=31617837|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}</ref> This genus belongs under the family ''[[Bacillaceae]]'' within the order ''[[Bacillales]]''.<ref>{{Cite journalbook|date=2005|editor-last=Brenner|editor-first=Don J.|editor2-last=Krieg|editor2-first=Noel R.|editor3-last=Staley|editor3-first=James T.|editor4-last=Garrity|editor4-first=George M.|editor5-last=Boone|editor5-first=David R.|editor6-last=De Vos|editor6-first=Paul|editor7-last=Goodfellow|editor7-first=Michael|editor8-last=Rainey|editor8-first=Fred A.|editor9-last=Schleifer|editor9-first=Karl-Heinz|title=Bergey’sBergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28022-7|doi=10.1007/0-387-28022-7|isbn=978-0-387-24144-9}}</ref> The type species of ''Neobacillus'' is ''Neobacillus niacini.''<ref name=":030" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genus: Neobacillus|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/neobacillus|access-date=2021-05-20|website=lpsn.dsmz.de|language=en}}</ref>

Members of this genus were previously part of the genus ''[[Bacillus]]'' genus. It has long been recognized that the genus ''Bacillus'' genus is comprised ofcomprises a wide range of phylogenetically unrelated bacteria, resultingdemonstrated inthrough extensivemultiple polyphylyphylogenetic asstudies demonstratedand comparative genome studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Logan|first=N.A.|date=2011-12-20|title=Bacillus and relatives in thefoodborne [[Genomeillness|journal=Journal Taxonomyof Database]]Applied Microbiology|volume=112|issue=3|pages=417–429|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05204.x|issn=1364-5072|pmid=22121830|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite webjournal|last1=La Duc|first1=Myron T|last2=Satomi|first2=Masataka|last3=Agata|first3=Norio|last4=Venkateswaran|first4=Kasthuri|date=March 2004|title=GTDBgyrB -as Treea phylogenetic discriminator for members of the Bacillus anthracis–cereus–thuringiensis group|url=httpshttp://gtdbdx.ecogenomicdoi.org/tree?r10.1016/j.mimet.2003.11.004|journal=d__BacteriaJournal of Microbiological Methods|access-datevolume=2021-05-2556|websiteissue=gtdb3|pages=383–394|doi=10.ecogenomic1016/j.orgmimet.2003.11.004|issn=0167-7012|pmid=14967230}}</ref> ''Bacillus'' species were assigned based on vague criteria such as the ability to form endospores in the presence of oxygen, a criterion that many diverse, unrelated bacteria share.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Ash|firstfirst1=Carol|last2=Farrow|first2=J.A.E.|last3=Wallbanks|first3=Sally|last4=Collins|first4=M.D.|date=2008-06-28|title=Phylogenetic heterogeneity of the genus Bacillus revealed by comparative analysis of small-subunit-ribosomal RNA sequences|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00608.x|journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=202–206|doi=10.1111/j.1472-765x.1991.tb00608.x|s2cid=82988953|issn=0266-8254}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Recentjournal|last1=Logan|first1=N. studiesA.|last2=Berge|first2=O.|last3=Bishop|first3=A. usingH.|last4=Busse|first4=H.-J.|last5=De comparativeVos|first5=P.|last6=Fritze|first6=D.|last7=Heyndrickx|first7=M.|last8=Kampfer|first8=P.|last9=Rabinovitch|first9=L.|last10=Salkinoja-Salonen|first10=M. genomeS.|last11=Seldin|first11=L.|date=2009-06-30|title=Proposed analysesminimal havestandards restrictedfor thedescribing new taxa of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.013649-0|volume=59|issue=8|pages=2114–2121|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.013649-0|pmid=19567583|issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free}}</ref> The result is a big genus tocomprising includeover only300 species closelywith relateddistinct biochemical characteristics that are not uniquely shared by all members, leaving no way to [[reliably distinguish ''Bacillus'' species from other bacteria. Subsequently, many studies have used phylogenetic analyses as a means to clarify the evolutionary relationships between subtilis|''Bacillus'' species, resulting in the establishment of many novel genera such as subtilis''[[Virgibacillus]]'', and ''[[BacillusSolibacillus]]'', cereus|''Bacillus[[Brevibacillus]]'', and cereus''[[Ectobacillus]]''.<ref>{{Cite namejournal|last1="Heyndrickx|first1=M.|last2=Lebbe|first2=L.|last3=Kersters|first3=K.|last4=Hoste|first4=B.|last5=De Wachter|first5=R.|last6=De Vos|first6=P.|last7=Forsyth|first7=G.|last8=Logan|first8=N. A.|date=1999-07-01|title=Proposal of Virgibacillus proomii sp. nov. and emended description of Virgibacillus pantothenticus (Proom and Knight 1950) Heyndrickx et al. 1998|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|volume=49|issue=3|pages=1083–1090|doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1083|issn=1466-5026|pmid=10425765|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shida|first1=O.|last2=Takagi|first2=H.|last3=Kadowaki|first3=K.|last4=Komagata|first4=K.|date=1996-10-01|title=Proposal for Two New Genera, Brevibacillus gen. nov. and Aneurinibacillus gen. nov.|url=https:03"//www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-46-4-939|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=939–946|doi=10.1099/00207713-46-4-939|issn=0020-7713|pmid=8863420|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mual|first1=Poonam|last2=Singh|first2=Nitin Kumar|last3=Verma|first3=Ashish|last4=Schumann|first4=Peter|last5=Krishnamurthi|first5=Srinivasan|last6=Dastager|first6=Syed|last7=Mayilraj|first7=Shanmugam|date=2016-05-01|title=Reclassification of Bacillus isronensis Shivaji et al. 2009 as Solibacillus isronensis comb. nov. and emended description of genus Solibacillus Krishnamurthi et al. 2009|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.000982|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=66|issue=5|pages=2113–2120|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.000982|issn=1466-5026|pmid=26907585|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":112">{{Cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=Radhey S.|last2=Patel|first2=Sudip|last3=Saini|first3=Navneet|last4=Chen|first4=Shu|date=2020-11-01|title=Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species|url=https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.004475|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|language=en|volume=70|issue=11|pages=5753–5798|doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.004475|issn=1466-5026|pmid=33112222|doi-access=free}}</ref> Species in theAdditionally, ''NeobacillusBacillus'' genushas werebeen foundrestricted to branchincluded togetheronly inspecies aclosely related to ''[[Monophyly|monophyleticBacillus subtilis]] fashion in phylogenetic trees constructed using conserved genome sequences'' and 16S rRNA sequences as well as share ''[[conservedBacillus signature indelscereus]] (a type of molecular marker) that was exclusive only to this group and not found in any other bacteria''.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":112" /> These findings together led to the transfer of these species into a novel genus.

The name ''Neobacillus'' is pieced together using the prefix "neo-" (from the Greek adjective ''{{Lang|el|neos''}}, translating to new) and the suffix "-bacillus" (from the Latin noun ''{{Lang|la|bacillus''}}, referring to a small staff or rod and ''Bacillus'', the bacterial genus). Together, the name translates to "new ''Bacillus''".<ref name=":03" />

== Biochemical Characteristics<ref name=":03"and />Molecular Signatures ==

Members of ''Neobacillus'' can be either [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]] or [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultatively anaerobic.]] [[Motility]] is variable, some species are motile while others are non-motile. All studied species are observed to form [[Endospore|endospores]] under adverse environmental or nutritional conditions. ''Neobacillus'' can be found in a variety of environments, including soil, human origin (gut and skin) and plant roots. ''Neobacillus'' can grow in temperatures up to 50-55°C, but optimal growth occurs in the range of 25-37°C.