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{{Purinergic signalling}}
'''Ectonucleotidases''' consist of families of [[nucleotide]] [[metabolizing]] [[enzymes]] that are expressed on the [[plasma membrane]] and have externally oriented active sites. These enzymes operate metabolize [[nucleotide]]s to [[nucleoside]]s. The contribution of ectonucleotidases in the modulation of [[purinergic signaling]] depends on the availability and preference of substrates and on cell and tissue distribution.<ref name=beldi/>▼
▲'''Ectonucleotidases''' consist of families of [[nucleotide]] [[metabolizing]] [[enzymes]] that are expressed on the [[plasma membrane]] and have externally oriented active sites. These enzymes
== Classification ==
▲Families of ectonucleotidases include: [[CD39]]/NTPDases (ecto-nucleotide triphosphate diphosphohydrolases), Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP)-type ecto-phosphodiesterases, alkaline phosphatases and ecto-5’-nucleotidases/[[CD73]].<ref name=beldi>{{cite journal|last=Beldi|first=G|coauthors=Enjyoji, K; Wu, Y; Miller, L; Banz, Y; Sun, X; Robson, SC|title=The role of purinergic signaling in the liver and in transplantation: effects of extracellular nucleotides on hepatic graft vascular injury, rejection and metabolism.|journal=Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library|date=2008 Jan 1|volume=13|pages=2588-603|pmid=17981736}}</ref>
== Function ==
Ectonucleotidases produce key molecules for purine salvage and consequent replenishment of ATP stores within multiple cell types. Dephosphorylated nucleoside derivatives interact with membrane transporters to enable intracellular uptake. Ectonucleotidases modulate [[P2 receptor|P2]] purinergic signaling, and [[P1 receptors]].<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kukulski|first1=Filip|title=Chapter 9 - Impact of Ectoenzymes on P2 and P1 Receptor Signaling|date=2011-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123855268000096|work=Advances in Pharmacology|volume=61|pages=263–299|editor-last=Jacobson|editor-first=Kenneth A.|series=Pharmacology of Purine and Pyrimidine Receptors|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00009-6|access-date=2020-11-28|last2=Lévesque|first2=Sébastien A.|last3=Sévigny|first3=Jean|pmid=21586362|isbn=9780123855268 |editor2-last=Linden|editor2-first=Joel}}</ref> In addition, ectonucleotidases generate extracellular adenosine, which abrogates nucleotide-mediated effects and activates adenosine receptors, often with opposing (patho-) physiological effects.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Roberts|first=V|author2=Stagg, J |author3=Dwyer, KM |title=The Role of Ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 and Adenosine Signaling in Solid Organ Transplantation.|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|year=2014|volume=5|pages=64|pmid=24600452|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2014.00064|pmc=3927137|doi-access=free}}</ref>
== Adenosine generation ==
The first step in the production of adenosine involves the conversion of ATP/ADP to AMP. It is carried out by [[ENTPD1]], also known as CD39. The second step involves the conversion of AMP to adenosine. It is carried out by [[NT5E]], also known as CD73.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eltzschig|first=Holger K.|
▲The first step in the production of adenosine involves the conversion of ATP/ADP to AMP. It is carried out by [[ENTPD1]], also known as CD39. The second step involves the conversion of AMP to adenosine. It is carried out by [[NT5E]], also known as CD73.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Eltzschig|first=Holger K.|coauthors=Bonney, Stephanie K.; Eckle, Tobias|title=Attenuating myocardial ischemia by targeting A2B adenosine receptors|journal=Trends in Molecular Medicine|date=June 2013|volume=19|issue=6|pages=345–354|doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2013.02.005|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471491413000348}}</ref>
== References ==
<references/>
{{Purinergics}}
[[Category:Hydrolases]]
[[Category:Purinergic signalling]]
{{Enzyme-stub}}
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