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'''ICARUS''' ('''I'''maging '''C'''osmic '''A'''nd '''R'''are '''U'''nderground '''S'''ignals) is a [[physics]] experiment aimed at studying [[neutrino]]s. It was located at the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] (LNGS) where it started operations in 2010.
The ICARUS program was initiated by [[Carlo Rubbia]] in 1977, who proposed a new type of [[neutrino detector]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rubbia, C.|date=16 May 1977|title=The liquid-Argon time projection chamber: a new concept for neutrino detector |url=
These are called Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LAr-TPC), which should combine the advantages of [[bubble chamber]]s and electronic detectors, evolving previous detectors
:<math>{}^{40}Ar + \nu \rightarrow {}^{40}K + e^{-} \,
(a neutrino combining with an atom of argon-40 to yield an atom of [[potassium]]-40 and an electron.)
The CNGS neutrinos are also studied by the [[OPERA experiment]], therefore those experiments are also called [[CNGS1 experiment|CNGS1]] (OPERA) and CNGS2 (ICARUS).<ref name=icarus12>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=713|issue=1|pages=17–22|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033|arxiv=1203.3433|date=2012|bibcode = 2012PhLB..713...17I }}</ref>▼
In the course of the ICARUS program, such detectors of considerable capacity were proposed. After first runs at [[Pavia]] in 2001, the ICARUS T600 detector at [[Gran Sasso]], filled with 760 tons of liquid [[argon]], started operation in 2010. In order to study [[neutrino oscillation]]s and various fundamental topics of [[modern physics]], neutrinos of astronomic or solar sources, and [[CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso]] (CNGS) [[Accelerator neutrino|beam]] produced 730 km away by the [[Super Proton Synchrotron]] from [[CERN]], have been detected.
The CNGS measurements also became important when the OPERA group announced in September and November 2011, that they have measured [[faster than light|superluminal]] neutrinos (see ''[[faster-than-light neutrino anomaly]]''). Shortly afterwards, the ICARUS collaboration published a paper in which they argued, that the energy distribution of the neutrinos is not compatible with superluminal particles. This conclusion was based on a theory of Cohen and [[Sheldon Lee Glashow]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=A search for the analogue to Cherenkov radiation by high energy neutrinos at superluminal speeds in ICARUS |journal=Physics Letters B|volume=711|issue=3-4|pages=270–275|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.014|arxiv=1110.3763|date=2012|bibcode = 2012PhLB..711..270I }}</ref>▼
In March 2012, they published a direct neutrino velocity measurement based on seven neutrinos events. The result was in agreement with the speed of light and thus special relativity, and contradicts the OPERA result.<ref name=icarus12 /> In August 2012, another neutrino velocity measurement based on 25 neutrino events was published with increased accuracy and statistics, again in agreement with the speed of light,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS collaboration|title=Precision measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS beam |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics|issue=11|pages=49|date=2012|doi=10.1007/JHEP11(2012)049|arxiv=1208.2629|bibcode =2012JHEP...11..049A}}</ref> see ''[[measurements of neutrino speed]]''.▼
▲The CNGS neutrinos are also studied by the [[OPERA experiment]], therefore those experiments are also called [[CNGS1 experiment|CNGS1]] (OPERA) and CNGS2 (ICARUS).<ref name=icarus12>{{Cite journal|author=ICARUS Collaboration|title=Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the ICARUS detector at the CNGS beam|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=713|issue=1|pages=17–22|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.05.033|arxiv=1203.3433|date=2012|bibcode = 2012PhLB..713...
▲The CNGS measurements also became important when the OPERA group announced in September and November 2011
▲In March 2012, they published a direct neutrino velocity measurement based on seven neutrinos events. The result was in agreement with the speed of light and thus special relativity, and contradicts the OPERA result.<ref name=icarus12 /> In August 2012, another neutrino velocity measurement based on 25 neutrino events was published with increased accuracy and statistics, again in agreement with the speed of light
The ICARUS detector moved to Fermilab in July 2017 for a new neutrino experiment.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Fermilab {{!}} Newsroom {{!}} Press Releases {{!}} April 22, 2015: ICARUS neutrino experiment to move to Fermilab|url = http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/2015/ICARUS-20150422.html|website = www.fnal.gov|access-date = 2015-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ICARUS arrives at Fermilab {{!}} News|url=http://news.fnal.gov/2017/07/icarus-arrives-fermilab/|website=news.fnal.gov}}</ref> In February 2020, scientists at Fermilab began cooling down ICARUS and filling it with 760 tons of liquid [[argon]]. Scientists hope to take the first measurements with the refurbished ICARUS later in 2020.<ref name="symmertry">{{cite web|last=Steffel|first=Catherine N.|date=March 2, 2020|title=ICARUS prepares to chase a fourth neutrino|url=https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/icarus-prepares-to-chase-a-fourth-neutrino|access-date=March 3, 2020|publisher=symmetrymagazine.org}}</ref> In May 2021, Fermilab announced that ICARUS would begin data collection in the fall of 2021.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barbu |first1=Brianna |title=ICARUS gets ready to fly |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2021/05/icarus-gets-ready-to-fly/ |website=Fermilab |access-date=23 September 2021}}</ref>
==References==
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