Content deleted Content added
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
|||
| (24 intermediate revisions by 11 users not shown) | |||
Line 10:
|manufacturer= Iraq
|unit_cost=
|propellant=Liquid propellant<br>(Al-Samoud)[[RFNA]]/[[UDMH]]<ref name="SA">{{cite web|url=https://www.strategicstudies.org/reports/Iraq/Samoud.htm|title=GIS SPecial Topical Studies:Iraq war 2003.|website=ISSA Special Reports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317081035/https://www.strategicstudies.org/reports/Iraq/Samoud.htm|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref><br>Solid propellant<br>([[Ababil-100]])
|production_date=2001-2003
|service=2003
Line 25:
|altitude=
|filling=280kg
|accuracy=2.0 km [[Circular Error Probable|CEP]]<ref name="SA"/>
|guidance=Inertial
|detonation=
Line 30 ⟶ 31:
}}
'''Al-Samoud''' (الصمود, alternately ''Al-Samed'', which means steadfastness in Arabic)<ref name=Miller>Miller, David: ''Conflict Iraq: Weapons and tactics of US and Iraqi Forces.'' Zenith imprint, 2003, page 22. {{ISBN|0-7603-1592-2}}</ref> was a [[liquid-propellant rocket]] [[tactical ballistic missile]] developed by [[Iraq]] in the years between the [[Gulf War]] and the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]. The Iraqi army also developed a [[solid-fuel rocket]] version known as '''[[Ababil-100]]'''.
== Development ==
The missile was essentially a scaled-down [[Scud]],
=== Engine ===
The rocket engine evolved from the
The system also included an Iraqi-designed mobile launcher similar to the ''Al-Nida'', built for the missile [[Al Hussein (missile)|Al Hussein]],<ref>Cordesman, Anthony (2003). [http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/iraq_missilemystery.pdf ''The Great Iraqi Missile Mystery: The Military Importance of the Ababil, Al Samoud II, Al Fatah, Badr 2000, and Al Huysayn''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209162449/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/iraq_missilemystery.pdf |date=2010-02-09 }}. [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]], 25 February 2003</ref> produced by the Iraqi company Al-Fida.<ref>[https://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/new/documents/baghdad_press_briefings/february/UNMOVIC%20IAEA%20on%20Inspections%2019%20Feb.pdf Unmovic - IAEA Press Statement on Inspection Activities in Iraq, 19 February 2003]</ref>
=== Payload ===
The missile carried a 280 kilogram warhead that was half high explosives and half protective steel shell. The explosive charge weighed 140 kg, made of a mixture of 84 kg of [[RDX]]=60%, 42 kg of [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]]= 30% and 14 kg of [[aluminium]]= 10%, the latter used as an energetic blast enhancer. The payload was also designed to upload different types of [[bomblets]].
=== Guidance ===
The guidance package was assembled by [[Cannibalization of machine parts|cannibalizing]] [[gyroscopes]] from the Chinese [[Silkworm missile|Silkworm]] [[cruise missile]].
== Banned by the UN ==
[[Image:Al-Samoud-Fired.jpg|thumb|200px|A test-launch of an Al Samoud, ''circa'' 1997]]
On February 13, 2003, a [[UN]] panel reported that Iraq's Al-Samoud 2 missiles, disclosed by Iraq to weapons inspectors in December, have a range of [[1 E5 m|180 km]], in breach of [[UNSCR 1441]]. The limit allowed by the UN is 150 km.
Iraq agreed to destroy the Al-Samoud 2 long range missiles, and by mid-March 2003, a number had been destroyed. Although [[UNMOVIC]] ordered to stop its production, Iraq assembled some 20 missiles during the early months of 2003.
American forces found a cache of
== Operational history (March–April 2003) ==
[[Image:IraqiShortRange-3.jpg|thumb|250px|Aftermath of the Iraqi missile attack on 7 April]]{{See also|Ababil-100}}▼
A number of Al-Samoud 2 missiles were fired at Kuwait during the 2003 conflict.<ref>The sources claim that only three to five Al-Samoud 2 were actually used by the Iraqis, the remainder missiles were purportedly Ababil-100/Al-Fahd or Laith-90, this latter a locally upgraded version of the [[Frog-7]]:
*[http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1799#prof www.cdi.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223155156/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=1799#prof |date=2003-12-23 }}</ref> One of them, aimed at the Coalition Headquarters at [[Camp Doha]], was successfully intercepted by a [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] missile on March 27. Some debris hit buildings inside the US base.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/05/29/sprj.irq.missile/index.html#prof www.cnn.com/2003]</ref> The other missiles were also shot down or landed harmlessly in the desert.
A similar development, the Al-Fahd or Ababil-100, a [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid propellant]] version of the Al-Samoud,
▲[[Image:IraqiShortRange-3.jpg|thumb|250px|Aftermath of the Iraqi missile attack]]
{{ISBN|1-59114-458-2}}</ref><ref>''Iraqi missile hits Army base'', By Steven Lee Myers. ''The New York Times'', 04/07/2003.
▲A similar development, the Al-Fahd or Ababil-100, a [[Solid-fuel rocket|solid propellant]] version of the Al-Samoud,<ref name= "Ababil"/> was also used by the Iraqi army during the invasion. The Headquarters of the 2nd Brigade, [[US 3rd Infantry Division]], were struck by a missile of this kind on April 7, while the Brigade's main force was conducting an incursion 15 km north, well inside [[Baghdad]]. Three soldiers and two foreign reporters were killed in the blast. Another 14 soldiers were injured, and 22 vehicles destroyed or seriously damaged, most of them [[Humvees]].<ref>Zucchino, David: ''Thunder Run: The Armored Strike to Capture Baghdad''. Grove Press, 2004, page 162.</ref><ref>"He (Lt. Col. Wesley, second in command) had gotten only thirty feet from his vehicle when a powerful ''Abril'' (sic) missile hit it dead center." Lacey, Jim:''Takedown: the 3rd Infantry Division's twenty-one day assault on Baghdad.'' Naval Institute Press, 2007, page 243.
▲{{ISBN|1-59114-458-2}}</ref><ref>''Iraqi missile hits Army base'', By Steven Lee Myers. ''The New York Times'', 04/07/2003.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/2004/onpoint/ch-6.htm|title=On Point - The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref><ref>''Nach ersten Erkenntnissen soll es sich um eine irakische Boden-Boden-Rakete vom Typ Ababil-100 mit einer Reichweite von 130 Kilometern handeln.'' [https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/krieg-im-irak-und150-reporter-sie-hatten-keine-chance_aid_195389.html#prof Focus magazine, 14 April 2003, report by Gudrun Dometeit] {{in lang|de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1200/RR1214/RAND_RR1214.pdf|title=Operation Iraqi Freedom: Decisive War, Elusive Peace|last=Perry|first=Walter L.|publisher=RAND Corporation|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8330-4192-0|location=|pages=178}}</ref>
== See also ==
Line 71 ⟶ 72:
[[Category:Tactical ballistic missiles of Iraq]]
[[Category:Ballistic missiles]]▼
[[Category:Ballistic missiles of Iraq]]
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles]]▼
[[Category:Short-range ballistic missiles of Iraq]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2000s]]
| |||