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{{Short description|Medical condition}}
[[File:CT of peritoneal tuberculosis.jpg|thumb|[[CT scan]] of [[peritoneal]] tuberculosis, with thickened [[Greater omentum|omentum]] and peritoneal surfaces<ref name="AkceBonner2014">{{cite journal|last1=Akce|first1=Mehmet|last2=Bonner|first2=Sarah|last3=Liu|first3=Eugene|last4=Daniel|first4=Rebecca|title=Peritoneal Tuberculosis Mimicking Peritoneal Carcinomatosis|journal=Case Reports in Medicine|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–3|issn=1687-9627|doi=10.1155/2014/436568|pmc=3970461|pmid=24715911|doi-access=free}}
[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC-BY 3.0]</ref>]]
'''Extrapulmonary tuberculosis''' is [[tuberculosis]] (TB) within a location in the body other than the [[lungs]]. It accounts for an increasing fraction of active cases, from 20 to 40% according to published reports,<ref name=Mazza2012>{{cite journal|pmid=22542414|year=2012|vauthors=Mazza-Stalder J, Nicod L, Janssens JP |title=La tuberculose extrapulmonaire [Extrapulmonary tuberculosis]|volume=29|issue=4|pages=566–578|journal=Revue des Maladies Respiratoires |doi=10.1016/j.rmr.2011.05.021}}</ref> and causes other kinds of TB.<ref name=Ketata2015>{{cite journal|pmid=25131362|year=2015|vauthors=Ketata W, Rekik WK, Ayadi H, Kammoun S |title=Les tuberculoses extrapulmonaires [Extrapulmonary tuberculosis]|volume=71|issue=2–3|pages=83–92|journal=Revue de Pneumologie Clinique |doi=10.1016/j.pneumo.2014.04.001}}</ref><ref name=Extra2005>{{cite journal|pmid=16300038|year=2005|vauthors=Golden MP, Vikram HR |title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–8|journal=American Family Physician }}</ref> These are collectively denoted as "extrapulmonary tuberculosis".<ref name=Extra2005 /> Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in [[Immunosuppression|immunosuppressed]] persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases.<ref name=Extra2005/> Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the [[Pleural cavity|pleura]] (in tuberculous pleurisy), the [[central nervous system]] (in tuberculous [[meningitis]]), the [[lymphatic system]] (in [[Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis|scrofula]] of the neck), the [[genitourinary system]] (in [[urogenital tuberculosis]]), and the bones and joints (in [[Pott disease]] of the spine), among others.
Infection of the [[lymph nodes]], known as tubercular lymphadenitis, is the most common extrapulmonary form of tuberculosis.<ref name=Extra2005 /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rockwood|first1=RR|title=Extrapulmonary TB: what you need to know.|journal=The Nurse Practitioner|date=August 2007|volume=32|issue=8|pages=44–9|pmid=17667766|doi=10.1097/01.npr.0000282802.12314.dc}}</ref> An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes may occur and is painless. It typically enlarges slowly and has an appearance of "wash leather".<ref>{{cite book|last=Burkitt|first=H. George|title=Essential Surgery: Problems, Diagnosis & Management 4th ed|year=2007|isbn=9780443103452|pages=34|publisher=Churchill Livingstone }}</ref>
[[File:Mycobacterial Infection, Duodenum (4401445363).jpg|thumb| Histopathological specimen showing tuberculosis of the duodenum. Lamina propria is stuffed with wall-to-wall histiocytes. This Kinyoun carbolfuchsin stain shows innumerable acid-fast bacilli.]] When it spreads to the bones, it is known as skeletal tuberculosis,<ref name=Extra2005 /> a form of [[osteomyelitis]].<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |vauthors=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN |year=2007 |title=Robbins Basic Pathology |edition=8th |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |pages=516–522 |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1}}</ref> Tuberculosis has been present in humans since [[Ancient history|ancient times]].<ref name=Lancet11>{{cite journal|last=Lawn|first=SD|author2=Zumla, AI |title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|date=2 July 2011|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|pmid=21420161|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3|s2cid=208791546}}</ref>
Central nervous system infections include tuberculous meningitis, intracranial tuberculomas, and spinal tuberculous arachnoiditis.<ref name=Extra2005 />
== Gastrointestinal ==
{{See also|Paratuberculosis}}
Abdominal infections include gastrointestinal tuberculosis (which is important to distinguish from [[Crohn's disease]], since [[immunosuppressive therapy]] used for the latter can lead to dissemination), tuberculous peritonitis, and genitourinary tuberculosis.<ref name=Extra2005 />
A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", also known as [[miliary tuberculosis]].<ref name=ID10>{{cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|pages=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref> Miliary TB currently makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.<ref name=Gho2008>{{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=editors-in-chief, Thomas M. Habermann, Amit K.|title=Mayo Clinic internal medicine: concise textbook|year=2008|publisher=Mayo Clinic Scientific Press|location=Rochester, MN|isbn=978-1-4200-6749-1|pages=789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906190055/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJtodBwNxokC&pg=PA789|archivedate=6 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
==Pleural effusion==
This condition is one of the common forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. It occurs during acute phases of the disease, with fever, cough, and pain while breathing (pleurisy). Pleural fluid usually contains mainly lymphocytes and the ''Mycobacterium'' bacteria. Gold standard of diagnosis is the detection of ''Mycobacterium'' in pleural fluid. Other diagnostic tests include the detection of [[adenosine deaminase]] (above 40 U/L) and [[interferon gamma]] in pleural fluid.<ref name="pmid27499981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhai K, Lu Y, Shi HZ | title = Tuberculous pleural effusion | journal = Journal of Thoracic Disease | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = E486–94 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27499981 | pmc = 4958858 | doi = 10.21037/jtd.2016.05.87 | url = | doi-access = free }}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Tuberculosis}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tuberculosis]]
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