Wikipedia

Magellanic moorland: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,181,286 edits
Add: s2cid, bibcode, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | #UCB_webform 3176/3844
 
(25 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown)
Line 1:
[[file:PNCabodeHornos.JPG|thumb|250px|Magellanic moorland at [[Hermite Islands|Herschel Island]], [[Cabo de Hornos National Park]].]]
The '''Magellanic moorland''' or '''Magellanic tundra''' ({{lang-es|Tundra Magallánicamagallánica}}) is an [[ecoregion]] on the Patagonian[[Patagonia]]n archipelagos south of latitude 48° S. It is characterized by high rainfall with a vegetation of [[Shrubland|scrubs]] and, bogs and patches of forest in more protected areas. [[Cushion plant]]s, grass-like plants and [[bryophyte]]s are common.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Magellanic subpolar forests|id=nt0402}}</ref> [[Soil]]s are usually rich in turf and organic matter and poor in bases. Often they are also water-saturated.<ref name=Pisano128>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 128</ref> [[Granite|Granitoids]], schists and ancient [[volcanic rock]]s make up the basement on which soils develop.<ref name=Pisano129>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 129</ref> Any previously existing [[regolith]] has been eroded by the [[Quaternary glaciation]]s.<ref name=Pisano129/> It is not rare for bare rock surfaces to be exposed in the interior of islands.<ref name=Pisano145>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 145</ref>
 
At present there are outliers of Magellanic moorland as far north as in the highlands of [[Cordillera del Piuchén]] (latitude 42° 22' S) in [[Chiloé Island]].<ref name=Caro88>{{cite journal |last1=Villagrán |first1=Carolina |author-link=Carolina Villagrán |date=1988 |title=Expansion of Magellanic Moorland during the Late Pleistocene: Palynological Evidence from Northern isla de Chiloé, Chile|journal=[[Quaternary Research]] |volume=30 |issue= 3|pages=304–314 |doi= 10.1016/0033-5894(88)90006-3|bibcode=1988QuRes..30..304V |s2cid=129510564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramírez |first1=Carlos |last2=San Martin |first2=Cristina|last3=Vidal |first3=Osvaldo|last4=Pérez |first4=Yéssica|last5=Valenzuela |first5=Jorge |last6=Solís |first6=José-Luís|last7=Toledo |first7=Gisela |date=2014 |title=Tundra Subantártica en la Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile: Flora y vegetación turbosa de campañas|trans-title=Subantarctic Tundra in Chiloé Island, Chile: Flora and vegetation of "Campañas" peat bogs |journal=[[Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages= 17–37|doi=10.4067/S0718-686X2014000200002 |language=es |doi-access=free }}</ref> During the [[Llanquihue glaciation]] Magellanic moorland extended to the non-glaciated lowlands of Chiloé Island<ref name=Caro88/> and further north to the lowlands of [[Zona Sur|Chilean lake district]] (latitude 41° S).<ref name=Morenoetal2015>{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Patricio I. |last2=Denton |first2=Geoge H.|last3=Moreno |first3=Hugo |last4=Lowell|first4=Thomas V.|last5=Putnam |first5=Aaron E. |last6=Kaplan |first6=Michael R. |date=2015 |title=Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia|author-link2=George H. Denton |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=122 |pages=233–249 |doi= 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.027|bibcode=2015QSRv..122..233M |hdl=10533/148448 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Where forests occur they are made up of the following trees ''[[Nothofagus betuloides]]'' (coigüe de Magallanes), ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' (canelo), ''[[Raukaua laetevirens|Pseudopanax laetevirens]]'' (sauco del diablo), ''[[Embothrium coccineum]]'' (notro), ''[[Maytenus magellanica]]'' (maitén), ''[[Pilgerodendron uviferum]]'' (ciprés de las Guaitecas) and ''[[Metrosideros stipularis|Tepualia stipularis]]'' (tepú).<ref name=Heusser2004>{{cite book |last=Heusser |first=C.J. |date=2004 |title=Ice Age Southern Andes |url= |location= |publisher=Elsevier |pages=56–59|series=Developments in Quaternary Science |isbn=}}</ref> ▼
 
The classification of Magellanic moorland has proven problematic as substrate, low temperatures and exposure to the ocean influences the development of the Magallanic moorland. It thus may qualify either as [[tundra|polar tundra]] or [[heathland]].<ref name=longton>{{cite book |last=Longton |first=R.E. |date=1988 |title=Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichen |url= |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=20 |isbn=0-521-25015-3 |author-link=|series=Studies in Polar Research }}</ref> ▼
During the [[Llanquihue glaciation]] Magellanic moorland extended further north to the [[Zona Sur|Chilean lake district]] (latitude 41° S).<ref name=Morenoetal2015>{{cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Patricio I. |last2=Denton |first2=Geoge H.|last3=Moreno |first3=Hugo |last4=Lowell|first4=Thomas V.|last5=Putnam |first5=Aaron E. |last6=Kaplan |first6=Michael R. |date=2015 |title=Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia|author-link2=George H. Denton |url= |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=122 |issue= |pages=233–249 |doi= |access-date= }}</ref>
 
==Flora and plant communities==
The climate where Magellanic moorland grows can be defined as [[oceanic climate|oceanic]], [[snow]]y and [[isothermal]]. In the [[Köppen climate classification]] it has a tundra climate ''ET''.<ref name=Pisano145/><ref name=Pisano144>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 144</ref>
{{Prose|date=November 2019}}
[[Edmundo Pisano]] identifies the following plant communities for the Magellanic moorland:
#Bogs<ref name=Pisano219>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 219</ref>
##Sphagnum bogs<ref name=Pisano219/>
###Magellanic sphagnum tundra<ref name=Pisano219/>
###Juncus bogs<ref name=Pisano223>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 223</ref>
##Non-sphagniferous bryophytic tundra<ref name=Pisano225>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 225</ref>
###Non-sphagnum moss bog<ref name=Pisano226>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 226</ref>
###Hepatica bogs<ref name=Pisano226/>
#Pluvinar mires<ref name=Pisano229>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 229</ref>
##Hygrophytic mire tundra<ref name=Pisano229/>
##Montane pulvinar tundra<ref name=Pisano230>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 230</ref>
##Bryophyte and dwarf shrub tundra<ref name=Pisano231>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 231</ref>
#Gramineous mires<ref name=Pisano232>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 232</ref>
##Tufty sedge tundra<ref name=Pisano233>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 233</ref>
##Subantarctic gramineous mire<ref name=Pisano233/>
#Woody synusia tundras<ref name=Pisano236>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 236</ref>
##Tundras with ''Pilgerodendron uvifera''<ref name=Pisano237>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 237</ref>
###Association ''Pilgerodendretum uviferae''<ref name=Pisano237/>
####''Sub-association Pilgerodendro-Nothofagetum betuloidis''<ref name=Pisano239>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 239</ref>
####''Sub-association Nano-Pilgerodendretum uviferae''<ref name=Pisano240>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 240</ref>
##Interior nanophanerophytic tundras<ref name=Pisano242>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 242</ref>
###Interior heath of low to medium elevation<ref name=Pisano242/>
###Montane nanophaneritic tundra<ref name=Pisano244>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 244</ref>
 
▲Where forests occur they are made up of the following trees ''[[Nothofagus betuloides]]'' (coigüe de Magallanes), ''[[Drimys winteri]]'' (canelo), ''[[Raukaua laetevirens|Pseudopanax laetevirens]]'' (sauco del diablo), ''[[Embothrium coccineum]]'' (notro), ''[[Maytenus magellanica]]'' (maitén), ''[[Pilgerodendron uviferum]]'' (ciprés de las Guaitecas) and ''[[Metrosideros stipularis|Tepualia stipularis]]'' (tepú).<ref name=Heusser2004>{{cite book |last=Heusser |first=C.J. |date=2004 |title=Ice Age Southern Andes |url= |location= |publisher=Elsevier |pages=56–59|series=Developments in Quaternary Science |isbn=}}</ref>
▲The classification of Magellanic moorland has proven problematic as substrate, low temperatures and exposure to the ocean influences the development of the Magallanic moorland. It thus may qualify either as [[tundra|polar tundra]] or [[heathland]].<ref name=longton>{{cite book |last=Longton |first=R.E. |date=1988 |title=Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichen |url= |location= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=20 |isbn=0-521-25015-3 |author-link=|series=Studies in Polar Research }}</ref>
 
==Soils and climate==
[[Soil]]s are usually rich in turf and organic matter and poor in bases. Often they are also water-saturated.<ref name=Pisano128>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 128</ref> [[Granite|Granitoids]], [[schist]]s and ancient [[volcanic rock]]s make up the basement on which soils develop.<ref name=Pisano129>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 129</ref> Any previously existing [[regolith]] has been eroded by the [[Quaternary glaciation]]s.<ref name=Pisano129/> It is not rare for bare rock surfaces to be exposed in the interior of islands.<ref name=Pisano145>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 145</ref>
 
The climate where Magellanic moorland grows can be defined as [[oceanic climate|oceanic]], [[snow]]y and [[isothermal]]<ref name=Pisano145/><ref name=Pisano144/> with cool and windy summers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arroyo |first1=M.T.K.|author-link=Mary Kalin Arroyo|last2=Pliscoff |first2=P.|last3=Mihoc |first3=R.|last4=Arroyo-Kalin |first4=M. |date=2005|chapter=The Magellanic moorland |title=The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation|editor-last=Fraser|editor-first=Lauchlan H.|editor-last2=Keddy|editor-first2=Paul A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=424–445 |isbn=978-0-52183404-9 }}</ref> In the [[Köppen climate classification]] it has a tundra climate ''ET''.<ref name=Pisano145/><ref name=Pisano144>[[#Pisano1977|Pisano (1977)]], p. 144</ref>
 
==References==
Line 14 ⟶ 43:
 
;Bibliography
*{{cite book |last=Pisano Valdés |first=E.|author-link=Edmundo Pisano |date=1977|editor-last=|editor-first=|editor-link=|editor-last2=|editor-first2=|editor-last3=|editor-first3= |chapter=Fitogeografía de Fuego-Patagonia chilena. I.-Comunidades vegetales entre las latitudes 52 y 56º S|url= |location=[[Punta |publisher=Arenas]] |page=|title=Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia |isbnvolume=VIII |ref=Pisano1977|language=Spanishes}}
 
[[Category:Shrublands]]
[[Category:Ecology of Patagonia]]
Line 25 ⟶ 55:
[[Category:Flora of southern South America|*]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of South America]]
[[Category:NeotropicNeotropical ecoregions]]
[[Category:Magellanic subpolar forests]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellanic_moorland"