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{{Short description|Former limits of location in the colony of New South Wales, Australia}}
{{
[[Image:1842NSWArrowsmith.jpg|thumb|300px|The South Eastern Portion of Australia; compiled from the Colonial Surveys, and from details furnished by Exploratory Expeditions. Detailed map of New South Wales, issued in the ''London Atlas'' by [[John Arrowsmith (cartographer)|John Arrowsmith]]. The "newly formed" counties are marked, as are the inland expeditions made 1817-1840.]]▼
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
▲[[Image:1842NSWArrowsmith.jpg|thumb|300px|"The South Eastern Portion of Australia; compiled from the Colonial Surveys, and from details furnished by Exploratory Expeditions". Detailed map of New South Wales, issued in the ''London Atlas'' by [[John Arrowsmith (cartographer)|John Arrowsmith]]. The "newly formed" counties are marked, as are the inland expeditions made
The '''Nineteen Counties''' were the limits of location in the [[colony]] of [[New South Wales]], Australia. Settlers were permitted to take up land only within the counties due to the dangers in the wilderness.
The '''Nineteen Counties''' were the ''limits of location'' in the colony of [[New South Wales]] defined by the [[Governors of New South Wales|Governor of New South Wales]] [[Ralph Darling|Sir Ralph Darling]] in 1826 in accordance with a government order from [[Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst|Lord Bathurst]], the secretary of State. Counties had been used since the first year of settlement, with [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland County]] proclaimed on June 6, 1788. Several others were later proclaimed around the Sydney area. A further order of 1829 extended these boundaries to an area defined as the Nineteen Counties. Settlers were only permitted to take up land within the defined area. From 1831 there were no more free land grants and the only land that was for sale was within the Nineteen Counties. ▼
▲
The area covered by the limit extended to [[Kempsey, New South Wales|Kempsey]] in the north, [[Batemans Bay, New South Wales|Batemans Bay]] in the south and [[Wellington, New South Wales|Wellington]] to the West.▼
▲The area covered by the limit extended to [[
The Nineteen Counties were mapped by the Surveyor General [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Major Thomas Mitchell]] in 1834. The scale of the map that Mitchell produced was determined by the amount of ship's copper available in Sydney to engrave the map. <ref> ''Canberra's Engineering Heritage'', William Charles Andrews, Institution of Engineers, Canberra, 1990 p3 </ref>▼
▲The Nineteen Counties were [[Surveying|mapped]] by the [[Surveyor General]] [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Major Thomas Mitchell]] in 1834.
Despite the uncertainty of land tenure, [[Squatting (pastoral)|squatters]] ran large numbers of sheep and cattle beyond the boundaries. From 1836 they could legally do so, paying [[Pound sterling|£]]10 per year for the right. From 1847 [[lease]]s in the unsettled areas were allowed for up to 14 years.
[[Image:1838NSWMitchell.jpg|thumb|350px|1838 map by Surveyor-General, [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]] of Victoria and New South Wales showing towns, major rivers and the limits of the Colony at the time. The map also shows the routes taken by Mitchell's expedition and camps.]]▼
In January 1819 [[John Bigge]] was appointed a special commissioner to examine the government of the colony of New South Wales. Bigge arrived in Sydney in September 1819 gathering evidence until February 1821 when he returned to England. Bigge’s first report was published in June 1822 and his second and third reports in 1823. His third report dealt with Agriculture and Trade.▼
The [[Robertson Land Acts|Robertson Land Acts of 1861]] allowed unlimited ''selection'' and sale of agricultural crown land in designated unsettled areas at £1 per acre, making the ''limits of location'' of the nineteen counties redundant. The counties continue to be used for [[Cadastral divisions of New South Wales|cadastral division]] purposes, and the rest of New South Wales was likewise divided into counties, totaling 141 by the end of the 19th century.
==Background==
In 1825 Lord Bathurst, secretary of state, instructed Governor Brisbane to survey the territory to allow for more planned settlement. During the survey one seventh of the land in each county was to be set a side for the Church of England and an educational system under the control of the church. Income from this land was to be managed under the Church and Schools Corporation.▼
▲[[Image:1838NSWMitchell.jpg|thumb|350px|1838 map by Surveyor-General, [[Thomas Mitchell (explorer)|Thomas Mitchell]] of Victoria and New South Wales showing towns, major rivers and the limits of the Colony at the time. The map also shows the routes taken by Mitchell's expedition and camps.]]
▲In January 1819, [[John Bigge]] was appointed a special commissioner to examine the government of the colony of New South Wales.
▲In
Darling proclaimed the division of the settlement into nineteen counties<ref>Government Order, No 50, [http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page497917?zoomLevel=1 published] in the [[Sydney Gazette]], 17 October 1829.</ref> in the [[Sydney Gazette]] of 17 October 1829.
In some places there were already squatters beyond these boundaries.
== List ==
# [[Gloucester County, New South Wales|Gloucester]]: northern-most boundary was the [[Manning River]]; the county incorporated [[Port Stephens, New South Wales|Port Stephens]]▼
[[File:Nineteen counties, Australia, 1832.jpg|350px|thumbnail|Nineteen counties, New South Wales, Australia, 1832]]
# [[Durham County, New South Wales|Durham]]: west of Gloucestor, southern Boundary was the [[Hunter River]]▼
▲# [[Gloucester County, New South Wales|Gloucester]]:
▲# [[Durham County, New South Wales|Durham]]: west of
# [[Northumberland County, New South Wales|Northumberland]]: northern boundary was the Hunter River and the southern boundary was formed by the [[Hawkesbury River]]
# [[Cumberland County, New South Wales|Cumberland]]: incorporated [[Sydney]], [[Windsor, New South Wales|Windsor]], [[Parramatta, New South Wales|Parramatta]], [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] and [[Appin, New South Wales|Appin]] to the south
# [[Camden County, New South Wales|Camden]]: included [[Camden, New South Wales|Camden]], [[Picton, New South Wales|Picton]] and [[Berrima, New South Wales|Berrima]] with the
# [[St Vincent County
# [[Hunter County
# [[Cook County, New South Wales|Cook]]: west of Cumberland county and south of the county of Hunter
# [[Westmoreland County, New South Wales|Westmoreland]]: west of the counties of Cook and Camden
# [[Georgiana County, New South Wales|Georgiana]]: west of the county of Westmoreland
# [[King County, New South Wales|King]]: north of the county of Murray and west of the counties of Argyle and Georgiana
# [[Murray County, New South Wales|Murray]]: incorporating the [[Limestone Plains]] and [[Lake George, New South Wales|Lake George]], bounded by the [[Murrumbidgee River]] to the west, the south western extent of limits of settlement
# [[Argyle County
# [[Roxburgh County
# [[Bathurst County
# [[Brisbane County
# [[Phillip County
# [[Wellington County, New South Wales|Wellington]]: north of Bathurst, the town of [[Wellington, New South Wales|Wellington]] was in the northwest of the county and the [[Macquarie River (New South Wales)|Macquarie River]] flowed through the middle
# [[Bligh County
== See also ==
*[[Robertson Land Acts]]
==References==
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==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:History of New South Wales]]
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