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{{Short description|Functional mechanism of breech-loading}}
{{More citations needed|[[Firearm]] article|date=December 2008}}
[[Image:ShotgunAction.JPG|thumb|A view of the [[break-action]] of a typical double-barreled shotgun, with the action open and the extractor visible. The opening lever and the safety catch
In [[firearms]] terminology, an '''action''' is the functional mechanism of a breech-loading firearm that handles (loads, locks, fires, extracts, and ejects) the [[ammunition]] [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]s, or the method by which that mechanism works.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Edmund G. |author-link =Jerry Brown |title =Handgun Safety Certificate |publisher =[[California Department of Justice]] |date =2009 |location =[[West Sacramento, California]] |page =52 }}</ref> Actions are technically not present on [[muzzleloader]]s, as all those are [[single-shot]] firearms with a closed off breech with the powder and projectile manually loaded from the [[muzzle (firearms)|muzzle]]. Instead, the muzzleloader ignition mechanism is referred to as the ''lock'' (e.g. [[matchlock]], [[wheellock]], [[flintlock]], and [[caplock]]).
Actions can be categorized in several ways, including [[trigger (firearms)#Single-action|single action]] versus [[trigger (firearms)#Double-action only|double action]], [[break-action|break action]] versus [[
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== Single-shot actions ==
{{main|Single-shot}}
Single-shot actions operate only to ignite a [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] that is separately set up ("in battery") for firing, and are incapable of moving the cartridge by itself.
===Breechblock===
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[[Image:Ruger no1 243 left open.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ruger No. 1 single-shot falling-block rifle with action open]]
{{Main|Falling-block action}}
====Rolling block====
{{Main|Rolling block}}
In a '''rolling block''' action the breechblock takes the form of a part-cylinder, with a pivot pin through its axis. The operator rotates or "rolls" the block to open and close the breech; it is a simple, rugged and reliable design. Rolling blocks are most often associated with firearms made by [[E. Remington and Sons|Remington]] in the
====Hinged block====
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==Repeating actions==
{{main|Repeating firearm}}
Repeating actions are characterized by [[reciprocating motion|reciprocating]]/[[rotating]] components that can move [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]s in and out of battery from an [[ammunition]]-holding device (which is a [[magazine (firearms)|magazine]], [[cylinder (firearms)|cylinder]], or [[ammunition belt|belt]]), which allows the gun to hold multiple rounds and shoot repeatedly before needing a manual ammunition reload.
===Manual operation===
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{{Main|Revolver}}
[[File:M&Prevolver.jpg|thumb|250px|Smith and Wesson M&P revolver]]
A '''revolver''' is a multi-[[chamber (firearms)|chamber]] (but single-[[gun barrel|barrel]]led) firearm that houses cartridges in a rotary [[cylinder (firearms)|cylinder]] which [[indexing (motion)|index]]es each round into alignment with the [[gun barrel#Bore|bore]] (with the help of a forcing cone) prior to each shot. Revolvers are most often [[handgun]]s;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samuelcolt.net/colt-revolver-history/revolver-history/|title=Revolver History – Colt Revolver|website=www.samuelcolt.net|access-date=2016-07-15|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918075330/http://www.samuelcolt.net/colt-revolver-history/revolver-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> however, examples of [[revolving rifle]]s, shotguns and cannons have been made. The cylinder is most often rotated via [[linkage (mechanical)|linkage]] to a manually manipulated external [[hammer (firearms)|hammer]], although some revolvers are "double-action" and can use the manual pull of the [[trigger (firearms)|trigger]] to drive both the cylinder rotation and hammer cocking. Some examples of firearms using the revolver principle are the [[Smith & Wesson Model 3]] and [[Colt M1889|Colt Model 1889]].
====Bolt action====
[[File:Open bolt action.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Barreled action for bolt-action rifle]]
{{Main|Bolt action}}
In '''bolt-action''' firearms, the opening and closing of the breech is operated by direct manual manipulation of the [[bolt (firearms)|bolt]] via a protruding [[cocking handle|bolt handle]]. Most bolt-actions utilize a rotating bolt ("turn-pull") design, where the bolt handle must be rotated upwards for unlocking before the bolt can be pulled back to opening the breech and eject any spent cartridge, and must be rotated back down for locking after the bolt closes the breech.
There are also straight-pull bolt-action systems that uses complex bolt head designs to facilitate locking instead of needing to rotate the bolt handle every time.
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In the Mauser-style [[bolt action#Rotating bolt|turn-bolt]] action,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhABWdIx8bk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/GhABWdIx8bk| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|title=Best Straight Pull Rifle Actions – Blaser, Merkel Helix, Heym, Browning Acera|last=USOG|date=27 November 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spJQapFXEO8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/spJQapFXEO8| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|title=Straight-Pull Rifle Test|last=Fieldsports Channel|date=7 December 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the [[cocking handle|bolt handle]] must be rotated upward, pull rearward, pushed forward, and finally rotated back downward into lock. In a straight-pull action, the bolt can be cycled without rotating, hence reducing the required range of motion by the shooter from four movements to two, with the goal of increasing the [[rate of fire]]. The [[Ross rifle|Ross]] and [[Schmidt–Rubin]] rifles load via [[stripper clip]]s, albeit of an unusual [[paperboard]] and steel design in the Schmidt–Rubin rifle, while the Mannlicher uses [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc|en-bloc clip]]s. The Schmidt–Rubin series, which culminated in the [[K31]], are also known for being among the most accurate military [[service rifle]]s ever made. Yet another variant of the straight-pull bolt action, of which the [[M1895 Lee Navy]] is an example, is a camming action in which pulling the bolt handle causes the bolt to rock, freeing a stud from the receiver and unlocking the bolt.
In 1993, the German firearms
In the sport of [[biathlon]], because shooting speed is an important performance factor and semi-automatic guns are illegal for race use, straight-pull actions are quite common, and are used almost exclusively on the [[Biathlon World Cup]]. The first company to make the straight-pull action for [[.22 caliber]] was [[J. G. Anschütz]]; the action is specifically the straight-pull [[ball bearing]]-lock action, which features spring-loaded ball bearings on the side of the bolt which lock into a groove inside the bolt's housing.
====Pump-action====
[[File:Winchester 1897.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Winchester M1897]], one of the first successful pump-action shotgun designs]]
{{Main|Pump-action}}
In '''pump
====Lever-action====
{{Main|Lever-action}}
The '''lever-action''' firearms
====Bolt release====
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