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{{Short description|Subspecies of fish}}
{{
{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Atlantic sturgeon
| image = Acipenser oxyrhynchus.jpg
| status =
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn
| status2 = T3
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=''Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus''|author=NatureServe|publisher=NatureServe|location=Arlington, Virginia |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101214/Acipenser_oxyrinchus_oxyrinchus |website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer|date=3 March 2023|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Acipenser
| species = oxyrinchus
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}}
The '''Atlantic sturgeon''' ('''''Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus''''') is a member of the family [[Acipenseridae]], and, along with other sturgeon, it is sometimes considered a [[living fossil]]. The Atlantic sturgeon is one of two [[subspecies]] of ''[[Acipenser oxyrinchus|A. oxyrinchus]]'', the other being the [[Gulf sturgeon]] (''A. o. desotoi''). The main range of the Atlantic sturgeon is in eastern North America, extending from [[New Brunswick]], Canada, to the eastern coast of [[Florida]], United States. A [[Disjunct distribution|disjunct]] population occurs in the [[Baltic region]] of Europe (today only through a reintroduction project). The Atlantic sturgeon was in great abundance when the first European settlers came to North America, but has since declined due to [[overfishing]]
==Physical appearance==
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==Lifecycle==
Atlantic sturgeon under six years of age stay in the [[brackish]] water where they were born before moving into the ocean. They may be {{convert|3|-|5|ft|abbr=on}} long at this stage. In areas where [[shortnose sturgeon]] are also present, the adults of that species can be, and historically were for centuries, confused with immature Atlantic sturgeon. When mature, they travel upstream to spawn. The females may lay 800,000 to 3.75 million eggs in a single year, doing so every two to six years. After laying their eggs, females travel back downstream, but males may remain upstream after spawning until forced to return downstream by the increasingly cold water. They may even return to the ocean, where they stay near the [[coastline]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The species is also known for its occasional 'leaping' behavior, during which the fish will emerge completely out of the water in a forceful motion that can be hazardous to anything unlucky enough to be struck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnr2.maryland.gov/Fisheries/Pages/Fish-Facts.aspx?fishname=Atlantic%20Sturgeon|title=Maryland Fish Facts|work=Maryland.gov|access-date=March 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridatoday.com/story/news/local/2015/07/04/lake-city-florida-girl-killed-by-jumping-sturgeon-boat/29701255/|title=Florida girl killed by jumping sturgeon|work=FloridaToday.com|date=6 July 2015|orig-date=Originally published 4 July 2015|access-date=21 March
==Economic history==
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==Conservation status==
In February 2012, the Atlantic sturgeon was listed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Service under the [[Endangered Species Act]] (ESA).<ref>{{cite news|title=Atlantic sturgeon listed as endangered species|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/atlantic-sturgeon-listed-as-endangered-species/2012/02/01/gIQARbAmiQ_story.html|
The American Fisheries Society considers the fish as threatened throughout its entire range, although it is believed to no longer inhabit the full range it once did. In the Chesapeake watershed, the James River in Virginia is one of the last confirmed holdouts for that region's population. In May 2007, a survey captured 175 sturgeon in the river, with 15 specimens exceeding {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web | author=Karl Blankenship | title=Biologists fail to successfully spawn two female Atlantic sturgeon | publisher=Chesapeake Bay Journal | date=September 2007 | url=http://www.bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article=3152 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213123710/http://bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article=3152 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2010-12-13 | access-date=March 30, 2012 }}</ref> A bounty-based survey of live Atlantic sturgeon in Maryland's portion of the bay found a high number of captures reported in 2005–06.<ref>"Maryland Department of Natural Resources (2007?). Reward for Live Sturgeon. Accessed 8 August 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/commercial/sturg100.htm |title=Reward for Live Atlantic Sturgeon |work=Maryland Department of Natural Resources |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104064711/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries/commercial/sturg100.htm |archive-date=2010-01-04 |access-date=February 3, 2012}}</ref>
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==Baltic population==
The now nearly extinct sturgeon population in the [[Baltic Sea]] area belongs to the Atlantic sturgeon ''A. oxyrinchus'' rather than to the European species ''[[European sea sturgeon|A. sturio]]'' as had been thought. ''A. oxyrinchus'' migrated to the Baltic about 1300 years ago and displaced the native ''A. sturio''.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=2527320| last1=Ludwig| first1=A| title=Tracing the first steps of American sturgeon pioneers in Europe| journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology| volume=8| pages=221| last2=Arndt| first2=U| last3=Lippold| first3=S| last4=Benecke| first4=N| last5=Debus| first5=L| last6=King| first6=T. L.| last7=Matsumura| first7=S| doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-221| pmid=18664258| year=2008| doi-access=free}}</ref>
The last known specimen of the Atlantic sturgeon in the Baltic region was caught in 1996 near [[Muhumaa]] in [[Estonia]]. It was {{convert|2.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} long, weighed {{convert|136|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and was estimated to be about 50 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saarlane.ee/uudised/uudis.asp?newsid=25986&kat=1|title=Muhu Maria jäi viimaseks Läänemerest püütud atlandi tuuraks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017001706/http://www.saarlane.ee/uudised/uudis.asp?newsid=25986&kat=1|archive-date=October 17, 2013|website=Saarlane.ee|language=et}}</ref>
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==Conservation designation==
IUCN: [[
CITES: [[CITES Appendix II|Appendix II]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Appendices I, II and III | date=4 October 2017 | url=https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php | publisher=CITES | access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
The American Fisheries Society considers it endangered in all stream systems except conservation-dependent in the Hudson, Delaware, and Altamaha Rivers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
The Atlantic sturgeon of the [[Delaware River]] are listed under the ESA as part of the New York Bight [[distinct population segment]] (DPS),<ref name="noaafisheries">{{cite web|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/atlantic-sturgeon|title=Species Directory: Atlantic Sturgeon|website=NOAA Fisheries|date=30 January 2023|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="fr77">{{Federal Register|77|5880}}</ref> which includes all Atlantic sturgeon that spawn in watersheds draining to coastal waters from Chatham, Massachusetts, to the Delaware-Maryland border on Fenwick Island,<ref name="fr77"/>{{rp|5881}} the Chesapeake Bay DPS, the Carolina DPS and the South Atlantic DPS, while the Gulf of Maine DPS is listed threatened.<ref name="noaafisheries"/><ref name="fr77"/> Canadian-origin populations are not currently listed under the U.S. ESA.<ref name="noaafisheries"/> NMFS believes fewer than 300 spawning adults are in the Delaware River population; just over 100 years ago the estimated population was 180,000 spawning adult females.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
==Management==
Atlantic sturgeon are now a threatened species. Management of the species is largely based on the restriction of fishing of the species. This helps limit fishing mortalities of sturgeon to bycatch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisheries |first=NOAA |date=2022-10-27 |title=Action Plan to Reduce Atlantic Sturgeon Bycatch in Federal Large Mesh Gillnet Fisheries {{!}} NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/action-plan-reduce-atlantic-sturgeon-bycatch-federal-large-mesh-gillnet-fisheries |access-date=2023-11-17 |website=NOAA |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
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==Further reading==
{{
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7025.html New York State Department of Environmental Conservation - New York's Sturgeon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829133237/http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/7025.html |date=2016-08-29 }}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20060213083257/http://dep.state.ct.us/burnatr/wildlife/factshts/atsturg.htm
*https://web.archive.org/web/20060508224855/http://www.maine.gov/dmr/recreational/fishes/sturgeon.htm
*{{FishBase subspecies | genus = Acipenser | species = oxyrinchus | subspecies = oxyrinchus | year = 2008 | month = October}}
*Burroughs, Frank [August 2006]. Confluence: Merrymeeting Bay. Gardiner, Maine: Tilbury House, 21-28. {{ISBN|978-0-88448-282-6}}.
{{
{{Chondrostei}}
{{Acipenseriformes|state=expanded}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q11031462}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Acipenser|Atlantic sturgeon]]
[[Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Samuel L. Mitchill]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1815|Atlantic sturgeon]]
[[Category:ESA endangered species]]
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