Pseudohallucination: Difference between revisions

The term "pseudohallucination" appears to have been coined by [[Friedrich Wilhelm Hagen]].<ref name="Telles-CorreiaMoreira2015"/> Hagen published his 1868 book "Zur Theorie der Halluzination," to define them as "illusions or sensory errors".<ref name="Telles-CorreiaMoreira2015"/> The term was further explored by the Russian psychiatrist [[Victor Kandinsky]] (1849–1889).<ref name="Telles-CorreiaMoreira2015"/> In his work "On Pseudohallucinations" ({{lang-ru|"О псевдогаллюцинациях"}} [o psevdogalliutsinatsiakh]), he described his psychotic experience defining pseudohallucinations as "subjective perceptions similar to hallucinations, with respect to its character and vividness, but that differ from those because these do not have objective reality".<ref>Kandinsky, V. (1885). Kritische und klinische Betrachtungen im Gebiete der Sinnestäuschungen. [[Berlin]]: Verlag von Friedlander and Sohn. p. 134</ref><ref name="Telles-CorreiaMoreira2015"/> As an example of pseudohallucinations, Kandinsky gives the [[Hypnagogia|hypnagogic]] hallucinations that occur in normal people just before sleep.<ref>{{Cite book |url= |title=The Oxford handbook of phenomenological psychopathology |date=2019 |isbn=9780191841903 |veditors=Stanghellini G, Raballo A, Broome MR, Fernandez AV, Fusar-Poli P, Rosfort R |edition= |location= |pages=486 |oclc= |last1=Stanghellini |first1=Giovanni |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

The term is not widely used in the psychiatric and medical fields, as it is considered ambiguous;<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0033291700037776 |title=Pseudohallucinations: A conceptual history |year=1996 |last1=Berrios |first1=G. E. |last2=Dening |first2=T. R. |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=753–63 |pmid=8817710|s2cid=23322447 }}</ref> the term ''nonpsychotic hallucination'' is preferred.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11154715 |year=2001 |last1=van der Zwaard |first1=Roy |last2=Polak |first2=Machiel A. |title=Pseudohallucinations: A pseudoconcept? A review of the validity of the concept, related to associate symptomatology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=42–50 |doi=10.1053/comp.2001.19752 |journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry}}</ref> Pseudohallucinations are more likely to happen with a [[hallucinogenic drug]]. But "the current understanding of pseudohallucinations is mostly based on the work of [[Karl Jaspers]]".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sanati|first1=Abdi|title=Pseudohallucinations: a critical review|journal=Dialogues in Philosophy, Mental and Neuro Sciences|date=2012|volume=5|issue=2|pages=42–47|url=http://www.crossingdialogues.com/Ms-A12-09.pdf}}</ref>

A further distinction is made between pseudohallucinations and ''parahallucinations'', the latter being a result of damage to the [[peripheral nervous system]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=20235616 |year=2010 |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, pseudohallucinations, and parahallucinations |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |journal=Psychiatry|s2cid=19188662 }}</ref>

They are considered a possible [[symptom]] of [[conversion disorder]] in [[DSM-IV]] (2000).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Michael B. |last1=First |first2=Allen |last2=Frances |first3=Harold Alan |last3=Pincus |title=DSM-IV-TR Handbook of Differential Diagnosis |url=https://archive.org/details/dsmivtrhandbooko0000firs |url-access=registration |publisher=American Psychiatric Pub |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dsmivtrhandbooko0000firs/page/64 64]|isbn=9781585620548 }}</ref> In [[DSM-5]] (2013), this definition has been removed.<ref name="Telles-CorreiaMoreira2015">{{cite journal|last1=Telles-Correia|first1=Diogo|last2=Moreira|first2=Ana Lúcia|last3=Gonçalves|first3=João S.|title=Hallucinations and related concepts—their conceptual background|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=6|pages=991|year=2015|issn=1664-1078|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00991|pmid=26283978|pmc=4515540|doi-access=free}}</ref> Also, pseudohallucinations can occur in people with visual/hearing loss, referred to as [[Charles Bonnet syndrome]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eperjesi|first=Frank|title=Hallucinations: A guide to treatment and management|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-954859-0|editor-last=Laroi|editor-first=Frank|location=New York|pages=303-322303–322|chapter=Visual Hallucinations in Charles Bonnet Syndrome|editor-last2=Aleman|editor-first2=Andre}}</ref>