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{{Short description|Guinean mining company}}
[[File:LOGO-CBG-FBlanc.png|thumb]]
'''Compagnie des bauxites de Guinée''' (CBG) is a [[Guinean]] mining company. Since 1963 it has extracted bauxite from the notable mine in [[Sangarédi]], in [[Boké Region]] in [[Guinea]]. It is 49% owned by the Guinean State, with the remainder owned by the [[Boké Investment Company]], a 100%-owned subsidiary of [[Halco Mining]], a consortium opened in 1962 by [[Harvey Aluminum Company]] to run mining operations in Guinea. Halco's stock is owned by [[Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals|Alcoa]] (45%), [[Rio Tinto Alcan]] (45%) and [[Dadco Investments]] (10%).<ref name="Riots">{{cite news|last1=Samb|first1=Saliou|last2=Blanchard|first2=Ben|last3=Peyton|first3=Nellie|editor1-last=Bavier|editor1-first=Joe|editor2-last=Evans|editor2-first=David|editor3-last=Schmillinger|editor3-first=Christian|date=April 26, 2017|title=Riots hit major bauxite mining hub in Guinea|agency=Reuters}}</ref>
Guinea is the world's 5th largest producer of [[
▲Guinea is the world's 5th largest producer of [[Bauxite]], yet the country holds the world's largest reserves of the valuable ore used to produce aluminum. Estimates of the country's reserves rise as high as 25 Billion tons, or the majority of the world's bauxite <ref>{{weblink|url=http://www.journaldunet.com/economie/magazine/matieres-premieres-et-pays/guinee.shtml|title=La Guinée, un grenier à bauxite|website=Journaldunet.com}}</ref>.
==Bauxite mining in Guinea==
{{main|Mining industry of Guinea}}
[[Guinea]] possesses a third of the best bauxite reserves in the world, or about 20 billion tons, with a high content (45-62 %) of [[alumina]] and a low silica content (0
==History==
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[[File:CBG a Kamsar Guinée 39.jpg|left|thumb|CBG in [[Kamsar]].]]
Early on, the country attracted prospectors. [[Bauxites du Midi]], founded in 1912 in Paris, began mining operations on {{interlanguage link
On July 24, 1948, 20 mining exploration permits were awarded to the company.<ref name="gouv"/>
▲(0,8-2 %). Despite being ranked second after [[Australia]] in terms of production, it was, in 1993, the largest exporter in the world, having benefited from the relocation in the world aluminum industry in the 1970s; After global production tripled between 1950 and 1960, it doubled again in the 70s, which saw a strong consolidation around six companies: ([[Alcan]], [[Alcoa]], [[Reynolds Metals Company|Reynolds]], [[Kaiser]], [[Pechiney|Pechiney Ugine Kuhlman]] and [[Alusuisse]]) as well as a strong vertical integration, as a result of which, in 1979 the members of the [[International Association of Bauxite Producing Countries]] supplied 75% of the world's bauxite, while only providing 4.5% of the world's Aluminum.
In 1948 and 1950 the Guinean bauxite from the [[Îles de
Under the leadership of Pierre Jochyms, the planning of the utilization of significant deposits of bauxite (in Kassa, Boké and [[Fria]]), Iron ore (on the [[Kaloum]] peninsula and the Nimba-Simandou island chain) gold and diamonds was begun. The exceptional hydroelectric potential of the Konkouré watershed had already been identified, and two large dams were being researched (Grandes Chutes and Souapiti)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dossier : Crise d'électricité – Les ratés historiques de l'aménagement du fleuve Konkouré (3e partie)|journal=Guinée News|url=http://guineenews.org/dossier-crise-delectricite-les-rates-historiques-de-lamenagement-du-fleuve-konkoure-3eme-partie/|access-date=2021-10-12|archive-date=2018-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806124230/http://guineenews.org/dossier-crise-delectricite-les-rates-historiques-de-lamenagement-du-fleuve-konkoure-3eme-partie/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
▲Early on, the country attracted prospectors. [[Bauxites du Midi]], founded in 1912 in Paris, began mining operations on {{interlanguage link|fr|Île Tamara}} in 1937, preceded by a prospecting voyage in 1936-1937<ref name="gouv">''L'avenir de la Guinée Française'', par Roland Pré, Gouverneur du Territoire , 1951, Éditions guinéennes. Conakry. 1951 [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/general/rPre/problInd.html]</ref>
CBG began its first excavations in January, 1955, then suspended them for one year. Pechiney Ugine began its major project in 1957, on the site of [[Fria]].<ref name="Bonnie">« Le secteur de la bauxite en République de Guinée : ajustement structurel et restructuration internationale de l'industrie de l'aluminium », par Bonnie Campbell, dans la revue ''Tiers-Monde'' en 1993 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/tiers_0040-7356_1993_num_34_133_4833]</ref> Studies were done on the hydroelectric project in [[Konkouré]], to the east of [[Fria]], but following a referendum on September 28, 1958, they were kept secret by the colonial authorities.<ref name="Bonnie" />
In November, 1961, the government took possession of the sites of Kassa and Boké due to the failure of ''Bauxites du Midi'' (a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Alcan]]) to respect its agreement to refine its bauxite into aluminum locally after 1964.<ref name="Bonnie" /> In 1962, Guinea joined the [[World Bank]]<ref name="Bonnie" /> and CBG resumed its excavations on October 1, 1963, under the banner of the Compagnie des bauxites de Guinée, of which 49% ownership was held by the state of Guinea, and 51% by [[Harvey Aluminium of Delaware]].<ref>{{cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=GUINEA EASES POLICY ON FOREIGN CAPITAL|date=January 20, 1964|work=The New York Times|location=Conakry, Guinea|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/20/archives/guinea-eases-policy-on-foreign-capital.html}}</ref>
▲July 24, 1948, 20 mining exploration permits were awarded to the company<ref name="gouv"/>. They discovered that the bauxite deposits of guinea consisted of surface deposits which are entirely exploitable using mining pits and heavy vehicles<ref name="gouv"/>. [[Bauxites du Midi]] partnered with the Canadian company [[Aluminum Laboratories Limited]], which proffered the necessary funds and materials for the deposit facilites in Guinea, and additionally worked to provide the specialists required to construct an enrichment plant on [[Île de Kassa|Kassa]]
▲In 1948 and 1950 the Guinean bauxite from the [[Îles de Loos]] was shipped in small quantities to the Aluminum plants of [[Alcan]] in [[Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean]] in Québec, but in November 1966, that deposit was depleted, as was expected, despite nationalization.
Bauxite exports began in 1973.<ref name="origine cbg">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbg-guinee.com/cbgguinee/historique/origine-de-la-cbg|title=Origine de la CBG|website=Cbg-guinee.com|access-date=2021-10-12|archive-date=2015-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125103753/http://www.cbg-guinee.com/cbgguinee/historique/origine-de-la-cbg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first ship loaded with Guinean bauxite left the port of [[Kamsar]] on August 2, 1973, with 19,000 tons of ore on board.<ref name="histoire indus">{{cite web|url=http://dww.cbg-guinee.com/cbgguinee/historique/historique-industriel|title=Historique industriel|website=Cbg-guinee.com|access-date=2021-10-12|archive-date=2015-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125093959/http://dww.cbg-guinee.com/cbgguinee/historique/historique-industriel|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 1970s, Africa's portion of global bauxite production tripled.
==References==▼
{{reflist}}▼
In 1965, the Boké Improvement Office (OFAB) was created to construct and manage CBG's infrastructures.<ref name="origine cbg"/>
In 1967, the participation of Harvey Aluminum of Delaware was divided amongst several players in the mining sector: [[Alcan]] took 33%, [[Alcoa]] 27%, [[Martin Marietta]] 14%, [[Péchiney]] 10%, and [[Edison (company)|Edison-Montecani]] 6%.<ref name="origine cbg"/> At the end of the 70's, Fria exported more than 600,000 tons of alumina annually,<ref name="Bonnie" /> of which a part went to the Pechiney's facilities at [[Edéa|Edea]] in Cameroon,<ref name="Bonnie" /> with two large foreign investors: [[Noranda (mining company)|Noranda]] (Canada) 38.5% and Pechiney Ugine Kuhlman (France) 36.5%.<ref name="Bonnie" />
Simultaneously, the site of Débélé in the region of the Kindia mine was made operational before 1974<ref name="Bonnie" /> after an agreement in November 1969, by a joint project of the Soviet Union and the Guinean government, which established the price of ore and announced that the Guinean state is fully the proprietor of said capital, the Soviet Union having assured the purchase of 90% of the ore. Exports passed from 2 million tons in 1974, to more than 3 million in 1988.<ref name="Bonnie" />
At the Boké site, the quantity of exports shifted from around 5 million tons in 1975 to 11 million in 1990.<ref name="Bonnie" />
In November, 2012, CBG signed a historic agreement with the [[Mubadala Investment Company]] to supply the [[United Arab Emirates]] with bauxite <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agenceecofin.com/investissement/0611-7439-le-fonds-mubadala-signe-un-accord-majeur-avec-la-compagnie-des-bauxites-de-guinee|website=agenceecofin.com|title=Le fonds mubadala signe un accord majeur avec la compagnie des bauxites de guinee}}</ref>
In December, 2013, Namory Conde, then regional director of [[BHP|BHP Billiton]], was named director-general of CBG <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kalenews.org/index.php/2013-08-08-21-15-11/441-la-cbg-compagnie-des-bauxites-de-guinee-a-un-nouveau-directeur-general|title=La cbg compagnie des bauxites de guinee a un nouveau directeur general|website=Kalenews.org}}</ref>
==Activity==
[[File:Bauxite with unweathered rock core. C 021.jpg|thumb|Bauxite in a rock, Kassa, Guinea]]
The ore, reputed to be of excellent quality due to its 60% [[alumina]] content,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirinet.net.gn/investgn/cpdm/cbg.htm|title=Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée : le plus riche gisement du monde}}</ref> is transported by rail to the port of [[Kamsar]]. The ground of Guinea contains 300 million tons of bauxite, which is enough to ensure production for at least 25 years.
If CBG is vital for the regional and national economy of the nation, it is also accused of being responsible for numerous instances of pollution - toxic dusts and the dumping of fuel oils into the sea - and this, despite an investment of 17 million to reduce dust emissions by 80% in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberpresse.ca/le-quotidien/le-quotidien-du-jour/200810/20/01-31009-la-ville-rouge-alimente-les-alumineries-quebecoises.php|title=La "Ville rouge" alimente les alumineries québécoises|author=Michèle Ouimet}}</ref>
CBG exploits the mines of [[Sangarédi]], of Bidikoum, of Silidara, and those of N’Dangara.<ref name="histoire indus"/> The bauxite is intended for exportation, principally to North America, Europe and China.
===Project of Expansion===
In 2014, CBG undertook a project of expansion. This project would increase the capacity of the company's mining-production, of their rail transport, of their refinery, of their ports, of their electric generating stations and would generate new jobs and increase state-revenue <ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Premier Ministre visite les installations de la CBG|url=http://oceanguinee.com/2018/10/29/le-premier-ministre-visite-les-installations-de-la-cbg/|website=OcéanGuinée}}</ref>
▲==References==
▲{{reflist}}
{{Portal|Guinea}}
[[Category:Aluminium companies of Guinea]]
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