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{{About|the Antarctic station||Marambio (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name
| official_name
| native_name
| native_name_lang
| other_name
| settlement_type
| image_skyline = B.MARAMBIO.JPG
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| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type =
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| blank_emblem_alt = Official Marambio emblem
| blank_emblem_link =
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| flag_alt =
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| seal_link =
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| nickname = {{lang-es|Puerta de Entrada a la Antártida}} ("Antarctica's Entrance Door")
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| pushpin_map_alt = Location within Antarctica
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Antarctica
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
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| coordinates = {{coord|64.241014|S|56.626753|W|format=dms|region:AR_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Argentina|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina|Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands Province]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Departments of Argentina|Department]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Argentine Antarctica|Antártida Argentina]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Graham Land]]<br />[[Antarctic Peninsula]]<br />[[Antarctica]]
| subdivision_type4 = Location
| subdivision_name4 = [[Marambio Island]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date =
| established_title1 = Established
| established_date1 =
| established_title2 = Founded
| established_date2 = 29 October 1969<br />(1969–70 austral summer season)
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| named_for = [[Gustavo Argentino Marambio]]
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| area_footnotes = <ref name=fundmar1>{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/marambio.html|title=Estación Antártica Marambio|publisher=Fundación Marambio|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065544/http://www.marambio.aq/marambio.html|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>
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| area_urban_footnotes =
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| area_rural_footnotes =
| area_blank1_title = Indoors
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| elevation_m = 210
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue"/>
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| governing_body = [[Dirección Nacional del Antártico]]
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| leader_name = [[Instituto Antártico Argentino]]
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| government_footnotes =
| unit_pref = metric
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| population_as_of = 2017
| population_footnotes = <ref name="comnap-catalogue">{{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=[[Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs]] |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |page=15 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_blank1_title = Summer
| population_blank1
| population_blank2_title = Winter
| population_blank2
| blank_name_sec1 = Type
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| blank1_name_sec1 = Period
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| blank2_info_sec1 = Active and operational
| blank_name_sec2 = Activities
| blank_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list |bullets=on |Paleontology |Stratigraphy |Sedimentology |Cryology |Geodosy}}
| blank1_name_sec2 = Facilities
| blank1_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list|bullets=on|Main hall
|Dining hall
|Recreation hall
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|CATV
|Mobile telephone coverage}}
| timezone1 = [[Time in Argentina|ART]]
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| code1_info = AQ MRB
| website
| footnotes
}}
'''Marambio Station''' ({{lang-es|Estación Marambio}}) is a permanent, all year-round [[Argentine Antarctica]] station named after [[Wing commander (rank)|Vice-Commodore]]
At the time of its construction it was the first airfield in [[Antarctica]] and is still one of the most frequently used ones due to its suitability for [[Landing gear|wheeled landing]], for which it is called "Antarctica's Entrance Door" ({{lang-es|Puerta de Entrada a la Antártida}}).<ref name=fa1>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/mision/base_marambio.html|title=Misión y Organización – Organismos y Unidades – Station Marambio|publisher=Argentine Air Force|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024221/http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/mision/base_marambio.html|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> It is also Argentina's most important station in the continent.<ref
name=fa1/>
==History==
The increased [[Antarctic]] activity that Argentina developed since 1940 created the need for an aviation runway operable throughout the year for wheeled units. The flight of Vice-Commodore {{ill|Mario Luis Olezza|es}} to the [[South Pole]], the newly built United States [[McMurdo Station]] and the frequent operations launched from the [[Base Aérea Teniente Benjamín Matienzo|Matienzo Station]] showed the need to secure better transport and communications in the sector.<ref name=fundmar1/>
The [[Argentine Air Force]] set about to find a suitable spot to construct an airport. On 25 November 1968, two helicopters operating from the [[icebreaker]] [[ARA General San Martín
[[File:DHC-2 Beaver matrícula P-03.jpg|thumb|left|Argentine Air Force [[de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver|DHC-2 ''Beaver'']] in Antarctica]]
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[[File:Base Marambio y el Hercules.jpg|thumb|left|Argentine [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130]] and control tower, [[Marambio Airport]]]]
The station was founded on 29 October 1969. That day, a [[Fokker F-27 Friendship]] of the Argentine Air Force manned by Vice-Commodore [[Erwin Roberto Kern]], left [[Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz|Rio Gallegos]] and landed directly in [[Marambio Airport]], carrying on board civil and military authorities.<ref name=fa1/> It was the first aircraft taking off in another continent and landing in Antarctica using conventional landing gear:<ref name=fundmar1/> Antarctica was no longer an isolated place; from that day onwards, all domestic and foreign Antarctic stations got interconnected with the rest of the world throughout the year. It was the most important Antarctic event in the decade.<ref name=fundmar1/>
By April 1970, the runway had reached {{convert|1200|by|40|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=fpt1/> On 11 April 1970, the Argentine Air Force began landing their [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] on Antarctica when the TC-61 commanded by [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Arturo Athos Gandolfi]] landed in Marambio, starting a long-standing and uninterrupted tradition of air-supplying the Antarctic Argentine stations from the mainland.<ref name=fundmar2/> The [[Fokker F28 Fellowship]] presidential aircraft [[Agrupación Aérea Presidencial|T-01 ''Patagonia'']] was the first jet to land in Antarctica when it touched down at Marambio on 28 July 1973, 13:28 h.<ref name=fpt1/>
Commercial passenger traffic from [[Ushuaia]] has been announced for 2018.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/19/world/2018-things-to-look-forward-to-upcoming-events-trnd/index.html 14. Flights to Antarctica]</ref>
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[[File:Campaña Antártica Argentina 2017 02.jpg|thumb|left|Main building]]
Some of the facilities are: main, dining and recreation halls; emergency house with 28-bed capacity; personnel accommodation buildings; aircraft parking platform; flight deck; airline passenger terminal; flight ground support equipment; library; mail office; gym; a [[Chapel of the Blessed Virgin of Lujan, Antarctica|Catholic chapel]]; laundry; kitchen; two freezing chambers; snow melter; satellite dish for television and internet; radio communications station; towing and personnel carrier vehicles (including [[tractor]]s, [[truck]]s and [[forklift]]s); road maintenance tools and vehicles (several [[bulldozer|snow dozers]], [[tracked loader]]s and [[grader]]s); mechanical, carpentry, blacksmithing, turning, plumbing and electricity workshops; laboratory with substations for APT (Automatic Picture Transmission) satellite imagery receiver, [[ozone]] and [[Ultraviolet|uv light]] measurement, [[Weather balloon|sounding balloon]] and [[radiosonde]] setup and launching, a MBI International Meteorological Center, and others; several warehouses and deposits; fuel storage array; [[Drinking water|potable water]] and sewerage network; incinerator and waste disposal module, and firefighting system.<ref name=fundmar1/><ref name=dna1>{{cite web|url=http://www.dna.gov.ar/INTINFO/ARGPERES.HTM|title=Intercambio de información – Información Permanente|publisher=Dirección Nacional del Antártico|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517141559/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INTINFO/ARGPERES.HTM|archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>
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The {{convert|45|m2|abbr=on}} medical suite is attended by one doctor and three paramedics, and has three beds and [[x-ray]], [[dentistry]], [[coronary care unit|coronary care]] and [[telemedicine]] facilities. Over {{convert|492000|L|abbr=on}} of Antarctic [[Fuel oil|gasoil]] are used every year for transportation, and to feed the 1,000 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]] main power plant with its three [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] generators. The station also has a sewage treatment plant.<ref name=fundmar1/> Most buildings are connected together by risen metal footpaths to isolate them from snow and ice.<ref name=fundmar1/>
===Airport===
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The station is connected to the Argentine mainland and the world through a satellite downlink station with telephone, fax, TV and internet. They also have a [[DirecTV]] dish which provides their service to the whole station. Argentine mobile telephone company [[Claro (company)|Claro]] and Spanish [[Movistar]] have an antenna for local coverage. Within the station and between stations, radio is the most used mean of communication, mainly through [[High frequency|HF]], [[Human voice|Vox]]/Data, aeronautic [[Very high frequency|VHF]]-[[Amplitude modulation|AM]] and [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]]-[[FM broadcasting|FM]].
Internet access is provided by [[Speedy Argentina]], allowing the personnel in the station to be permanently connected to net services. [[Wireless LAN]] and [[Wi-Fi]] cover the entire complex, becoming one of the southernmost spots in the world with a wireless network. Telephone service is provided by {{Lang|es|[[Telefónica#Argentina|Telefónica de Argentina]]|italic=no}} at low national rates.
In September 2006, a [[GSM]] mobile phone network was also added to the station, provided by the Argentine mobile operator [[Claro (company)#Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay|CTI Móvil]] (now Claro).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cellular-news.com/story/19205.php|title=CTI, Nokia Deploy GSM Technology in Antarctic Base|publisher=Cellular News|date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619140607/http://www.cellular-news.com/story/19205.php|archive-date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
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* The Museoantar historical [[archaeology]] program undergoes recovery, preservation and restoration of the refuges built by the 1901–04 [[Swedish Antarctic Expedition]] on [[Snow Hill Island]].<ref name=fundmar1/>
* In 2011, during the "Mars in Marambio" mission, [[NASA]] scientists arrived at the station to test a new [[space suit]] designed for future [[exploration of Mars]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-nasa-spacesuit-idUSTRE72K56M20110321|title=NASA tests Mars space suit in Argentine Antarctica|last=Henao|first=Luis Andrés|work=Reuters|date=21 March 2011}}</ref>
* In 2013, the [[Finnish Meteorological Institute]] in co-operation with the [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)|Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]] and with the [[Argentine Air Force]] started a new continuous atmospheric measurement program in Marambio. Observations cover [[greenhouse gas]]es (mostly [[Methane|CH<sub>4</sub>]] and [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]]) while investigating the physical, chemical and optical properties of [[aerosol]] particles and incoming and outgoing [[Ultraviolet|UV radiation]]. This scientific project made Marambio the most comprehensive atmospheric measurement station in the Antarctic continent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/press-release/627622|title=The Finnish Meteorological Institute measures aerosols and greenhouse gases all year round in Antarctica|publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute|date=11 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019002111/http://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/press-release/627622|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>
* The station has been chosen for the location of balloon launches of the French project ''Estrateole'' to study the ozone layer.<ref name=fundmar1/>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="120">
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Nonetheless, the climate is severe with mean temperatures that rarely rise above {{convert|0|C|0}} and the presence of strong winds.<ref name = SMNclima>{{cite web |url= http://www.smn.gov.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=elclima&id=69 |language = es |title= Station Marambio |publisher= Servicio Meteorológico Nacional |access-date= 13 November 2016}}</ref> The strong winds produce a [[wind chill]] that makes the temperatures feel colder.<ref name=SMNclima/> In particular, gusts up to {{convert|220|km/h|abbr=on}} can occur during the winter months.<ref name=SMNclima/> Due to the partial melting of snow in summer due to above freezing daytime temperatures, animals as well as limited plant life (moss, lichens, and worts) are able to thrive during the warmer months of December, January, and February.
Mean monthly temperatures range from {{convert|-15.1|C|1}} in June to {{convert|-1.7|C|1}} in December.<ref name=SMNclima/> During summer, the average high is above freezing while the average low is {{convert|-4.2|C|1}}.<ref name=SMNclima/> However, temperatures can reach up to {{convert|15|C|1}} or fall below {{convert|-15|C|1}} during summer.<ref name=SMNclima/> In winter, the average high is {{convert|-11|C|0}} while the average low is {{convert|-19|C|0}}.<ref name=SMNclima/> Occasionally, temperatures can reach above freezing during winter.<ref name=SMNclima/> This occurs when warm air from the northeast (characterized by high cloud cover and fog) or from the northwest moves towards the peninsula.<ref name=SMNclima/> As the warm air crosses the mountains in the peninsula, it warms as it descends, leading to warm and dry conditions in a manner similar to a [[Zonda wind]].<ref name=SMNclima/> Its highest recorded temperature was {{convert|17.4|C|1}} on 23 March 2015.<ref name=meteoclimat/> This was surpassed on
Fog frequently occurs in the station.<ref name=SMNclima/> December and January are the foggiest months, averaging 16 to 19 days with fog while June to September are the least, averaging 9 to 11 days.<ref name=SMNclima/> The station is characterized by high cloud cover throughout the year in the form of [[stratus cloud]]s.<ref name=SMNclima/> Summer is the cloudiest season, averaging 24 cloudy days while winters are the least cloudiest, averaging 10 to 11 cloudy days.<ref name=SMNclima/>
{{Weather box
|location = Marambio (
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
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|Dec record high C = 16.5
|year record high C = 17.4
|Jan high C = 1.
|Feb high C =
|Mar high C = -2.
|Apr high C = -6.
|May high C = -
|Jun high C = -10.
|Jul high C = -10.3
|Aug high C = -
|Sep high C = -
|Oct high C = -3.
|Nov high C = -0.
|Dec high C = 1.3
|year high C = -4.
|Jan mean C = -0.8
|Feb mean C = -
|Mar mean C = -
|Apr mean C = -10.
|May mean C = -
|Jun mean C = -14.
|Jul mean C = -14.
|Aug mean C = -13.
|Sep mean C = -10.
|Oct mean C = -7.
|Nov mean C = -3.
|Dec mean C = -1.
|year mean C = -8.
|Jan low C = -
|Feb low C = -4.
|Mar low C = -
|Apr low C = -
|May low C = -16.
|Jun low C = -18.
|Jul low C = -
|Aug low C = -
|Sep low C = -14.
|Oct low C = -11.0
|Nov low C = -6.
|Dec low C = -3.
|year low C = -11.4
|Jan record low C = -9.5
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|Dec precipitation mm = 35.0
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan snow days = 16.2
|Feb snow days =
|Mar snow days = 13.9
|Apr snow days = 12.2
|May snow days = 9.5
|Jun snow days =
|Jul snow days = 8.5
|Aug snow days =
|Sep snow days = 8.9
|Oct snow days =
|Nov snow days = 13.0
|Dec snow days = 15.3
|year snow days = 141.2
|source 1 = [[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Argentina)|Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]] (precipitation 2001–2010
| url = https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/
| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
| language = es
| access-date = 16 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=SMNestadisticas>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
| archive-date = 8 July 2023
| url = http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506
| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020
| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
| language = es
| access-date =
| year = 2023}}</ref><ref name=SMN>{{cite web | url=http://www3.smn.gob.ar/serviciosclimaticos/?mod=turismo&id=7&provincia=Ant%E1rtida&ciudad=Base%20Marambio
| language=es
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== External links ==
{{Commons category
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024221/http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/mision/base_marambio.html Fuerza Aerea Argentina – Base Marambio] {{in lang|es}}
* [http://www.marambio.aq/basemarambio.html Fundaciòn Marambio – Base Marambio] {{in lang|es}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303004340/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/INDEX.HTM Dirección Nacional del Antártico] {{in lang|es}}
* {{official website|https://cancilleria.gob.ar/es/iniciativas/dna/antartida-argentina/bases/marambio}}
{{Portal bar|Earth sciences|Geography|Aviation|Argentina}}
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{{Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica}}
{{Antarctica}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Argentine Air Force bases]]
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