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{{short description|Austrian meteorologist (1856-1920)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name =
| image = Max Margules.jpg
| caption = Max Margules in 1920
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1856|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Brody]], [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]],<br> [[Austrian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1920|10|4|1856|4|23}}
| death_place = [[Perchtoldsdorf]], [[Niederösterreich]]
| spouse =
| citizenship =
| fields = [[Meteorology]]
| workplaces = [[Austria]] [[Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]] ([[Vienna]])<br />[[University of Vienna]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Vienna]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors = [[Ludwig Boltzmann]]
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[Margules formula]]<br />[[Margules activity model]]<br>[[Duhem–Margules equation]]
| awards = Hann Medal of Acknowledgement (1919)
| signature =
| footnotes = <!-- for any footnotes needed to clarify entries above -->
}}
'''Max Margules''' (April 23, 1856 – October 4, 1920) was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, and chemist.
▲Max Margules studied mathematics, physics, and chemistry in Vienna. In 1877 he joined, as volunteer, the Central Institute of Meteorology in Vienna <ref> ZAMG = Central Institute of Meteorology in Vienna [http://www.zamg.ac.at/about/history/index.php/] </ref>. After two years he left Vienna to study 1 year at Berlin. He returned to Vienna and received his Phd degree in the area of Electrodynamics. During his doctoral studies he was 'Privatdozent'. An unpaid position, but which allowed him to lecture students. Students' fees gave him some income.
However administration offered his teaching job to someone else, which ended his academic career. In 1882 he returned to Central Institute for Meteorology. During this time he focused on electro- and hydrodynamic problems. In his free time he studied physical and physico-chemical problems. The [[Duhem–Margules equation]] and the [[Margules activity model|Margules' Gibbs free energy equation]] are examples of his free-time devotion. In 1900 his interest switched to meteorology and deployed his thermodynamic knowledge. This lead to the [[Margules formula]], a formula for characterizing the slope of a front.</br> ▼
In 1919 the Austrian Society for Meteorology awarded him the silver Hann Medal of Acknowledgement. Margules accepted the medal, but rejected the money. He rejected all attempts to make the last year of his life bearable. His small pension and the devaluation of the currency due to WW I lead to a life in poverty. He contented himself with food coupons in the post WW-I period. He got hunger edema and should be remedied. He refused to do this and on the 4th of October 1920 he died from starvation. ▼
Later, administration offered this teaching job to someone else after he refused to convert from Judaism to acquire the position, which ended his academic career. In 1882 he returned to ZAMG. During this time he focused on electro- and hydrodynamic problems.
▲
Über die Schwingungen periodisch erwärmter Luft, in: Sbb. Wien, math. nat. Kl., Bd. 99, Abt. 2a, 1890</br>▼
Luftbewegungen in einer rotierenden Sphäroidschale bei zonaler Druckverteilung, ibid., Bd. 101/02, Abt. 2a, 1892-93</br>▼
Vergleichung der Barogramme von einigen Orten rings um Wien, in: Meteorolog. Z., Bd. 14, 1897</br>▼
Material zum Studium der Druckverteilung und des Windes in NÖ, in: Jhb. der k. k. Centralanstalt für Meteorol. und Erdmagnetismus in Wien, NF, Bd. 35, 1900; Bd. 37, 1902</br>▼
Temperaturstufen in NÖ im Winter 1898/99, ibid., Bd. 36, 1901</br>▼
Über den Arbeitswert einer Luftdruckverteilung und die Erhaltung der Druckunterschiede, in: Denkschriften Wien, math.-nat. Kl., Bd. 73, 1901</br>▼
Über rasche Erwärmungen, in: Meteorolog. Z., Bd. 20, 1903</br>▼
Über Temperaturschwankungen auf hohen Bergen, ibid., Bd. 20, 1903</br>▼
Über die Energie der Stürme, in: Jhb. der k. k. Centralanstalt für Meteorol. und Erdmagnetismus in Wien, NF, Bd. 42, 1905</br>▼
Über Temperaturschichtung in stationär bewegter und in ruhender Luft, in: Meteorolog. Z., Hann-Bd., 1906</br>▼
Über die Änderung des vertikalen Temperaturgefälles durch Zusammendrückung oder Ausbreitung einer Luftmasse, ibid., Bd. 23, 1906</br>▼
Zur Sturmtheorie, ibid., Bd. 23, 1906; etc.</br>▼
▲In 1919 the Austrian Society for Meteorology awarded him the silver Hann Medal of Acknowledgement. Margules accepted the medal, but rejected the money. He rejected all attempts to make the last year of his life bearable. His small pension and the devaluation of the currency due to
== Biography ==▼
Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon ÖBL, S. 84f</br>▼
Neue Deutsche Biographie NDB, Bd. 16, S. 169; Familienartikel, 170f</br>▼
Exner, W., Max Margules. In: Meteorologische Zeitschrift 37, 1920</br>▼
Gold, E., Dr. Max Margules. In: Nature, Vol. 106, Issue 2661, S. 286-287 (1920)</br>▼
In honor contribution of Max Margules to thermodynamics. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, Vol. 17, Nr. 1 / Jan. 1996. Springer, Boston</br>▼
"Max Margules—A Cocktail of Meteorology and Thermodynamics", Jaime Wisniak, Journal of Phase Equilibria Vol. 24 No. 2 2003, p103-109▼
Margules' accomplishments are seen as the theoretical pillars of meteorology and he left a lasting legacy on the field of thermodynamics in his name-sake equations.
== External links ==▼
* Life and work. http://maths.ucd.ie/~plynch/Publications/MTERF-TwoCol.pdf▼
==
▲*Über die Schwingungen periodisch erwärmter Luft, in: Sbb. Wien, math. nat. Kl., Bd. 99, Abt. 2a, 1890
<references/>▼
▲*Luftbewegungen in einer rotierenden Sphäroidschale bei zonaler Druckverteilung, ibid., Bd. 101/02, Abt. 2a,
▲*Vergleichung der Barogramme von einigen Orten rings um Wien, in: Meteorolog. Z., Bd. 14, 1897
▲*Material zum Studium der Druckverteilung und des Windes in NÖ, in: Jhb. der k. k. Centralanstalt für Meteorol. und Erdmagnetismus in Wien, NF, Bd. 35, 1900; Bd. 37, 1902
▲*Über den Arbeitswert einer Luftdruckverteilung und die Erhaltung der Druckunterschiede, in: Denkschriften Wien, math.-nat. Kl., Bd. 73, 1901
▲*Über die Energie der Stürme, in: Jhb. der k. k. Centralanstalt für Meteorol. und Erdmagnetismus in Wien, NF, Bd. 42, 1905
▲*Über Temperaturschichtung in stationär bewegter und in ruhender Luft, in: Meteorolog. Z., Hann-Bd., 1906
*Über die Zusammensetzung der gesättigten Dämpfe von Mischungen. Sitzb. der math.-nat. Classe der kaiserlichen
*Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien 104, 1885
▲*Über die Änderung des vertikalen Temperaturgefälles durch Zusammendrückung oder Ausbreitung einer Luftmasse, ibid., Bd. 23, 1906
▲*In honor contribution of Max Margules to thermodynamics. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion, Vol. 17, Nr. 1 /
▲*"Max Margules—A Cocktail of Meteorology and Thermodynamics",
* [http://www.ems.psu.edu/~bannon/Dynamics.html Quotation of Margules on PSU website]
==References==
▲<references/>
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Margules, Max}}
[[Category:19th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:Austrian meteorologists]]
[[Category:Polish scientists]]
[[Category:
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Austria-Hungary]]
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