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{{Angola state}}
The '''Kingdom of Ndongo''', 1515-1909, (formerly known as '''Angola''' or '''Dongo''', also [[Kimbundu languages|Kimbundu]]: <span lang="kmb" dir="ltr">'''Utuminu ua Ndongo''', '''Utuminu ua Ngola'''</span>)
The [[monarchy|Kingdom]] of Ndongo is first recorded in the sixteenth century.
Little is known of the kingdom in the early sixteenth century. "Angola" was listed among the titles of the King of Kongo in 1535, so it
==
The [[North Mbundu language|Kimbundu]]-speaking region was known as the land of [[Ambundu|Mbundu]] people.<ref name=":3" /> It was ruled by a ''Ngola'', or king, who lived with his extended family in the capitol, or ''kabasa''.<ref name=":1">Lingna Nafafé, J. (2022). Ndongo's Political and Cultural Environment: Alliance, Internal Struggle, Puppeteering and Decline. In ''Lourenço da Silva Mendonça and the Black Atlantic Abolitionist Movement in the Seventeenth Century'' (Cambridge Studies on the African Diaspora, pp. 138-192). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{doi|10.1017/9781108974196.003}}</ref> The kingdom was divided into political territories that were independently ruled by ''sobas'', or nobles.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> These sobas governed territories (called ''murinda'') and paid tribute to the Ngola, as well as fighting for the kingdom during a war.<ref name=":3" /> Ndongo's internal wars sometimes resulted in alliances forming between sobas, which combined murindas and created large provinces, or ''kandas''.<ref name=":3" />
The Ngola of Ndongo and his sobas relied on other officials to carry out his orders. The most important position was that of ''tendala'', a chief advisor with the authority to rule in the Ngola's absence. He also managed much of his day-to-day duties.<ref name=":3" /> A tendala was usually a former captive chosen from the class of enslaved serfs called ''kijikos''. Below the tendala was the military commander, called ''ngolambole'', who was also a former member of the kijikos class.<ref name=":3" />
These political units were often grouped into larger units called ''kanda'' and sometimes provinces. Larger kingdoms may have emerged in earlier times, but in the sixteenth century, most of these regions had been united by the rulers of Ndongo. Ndongo's capital city was called [[Kabasa]] ([[Caculo Cabaça]]), located on the highlands near modern-day [[N'dalatando]]. LThis was a large town, holding as many as 50,000 people in its densely populated district.▼
The Ngola also had a large group of bureaucrats, called the ''makotas,''<ref name=":0" /> or "the gentlemen of the land," who helped manage the capitol and advise the Ngola on important decisions for the kingdom.<ref name=":3" /> They included the ''mwene lumbo'', who managed the palace, the ''mwene kudya'', who managed ted food and monetary taxes, the ''mwene miste'', who managed religious affairs, and the ''mwene ndongo'', who was the great priest.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Thornton, J. (2020). Ndongo and Portugal at War. In ''A History of West Central Africa to 1850'' (New Approaches to African History, pp. 89-122). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref> The king also took advice from a ''nganga marinda'', a spiritual leader believed to have a supernatural connection to the ancestors.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bortolot |first=Authors: Alexander Ives |title=Women Leaders in African History: Dona Beatriz, Kongo Prophet {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn_4/hd_pwmn_4.htm |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en}}</ref>
These political units were often grouped into larger units called ''kanda'' and sometimes provinces. ''O-mbala'' is the name of the court, and ''se-kulu'', chieftain means "old father" in the Mbundu language, is the chieftain's name. ''Di-kanda'' is the name for a count, ''mvunda'' is a duke, and ''mbanza'' means a baron.<ref name=":0">Chatelain, Heli. "Geographic Names of Angola, West Africa." ''Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York'', vol. 25, no. 1, 1893, pp. 304–12. ''JSTOR'', {{doi|10.2307/197042}}. Accessed 7 May 2023.</ref>
▲
== Social structure ==
The Kingdom of Ndongo was composed mostly of free commoners, who were called ''ana murinda,'' or "children of the murinda".<ref name=":3" /> In addition to the commoners, there were two enslaved groups. The ''ijiko'' or ''kijikos'' (sing., ''kijiko'') were enslaved commoners who were originally captured during a war, permanently attached to specific territories as [[serf]]s, and could not be sold. The ''abika'' or ''mubikas'' (sing., ''mubika'') were war captives who were judicially enslaved and could be bought, sold, or inherited.<ref name=":3" />
Due to the close pretexts of kijiko and mubika enslavement, Ndongo had stringent rules on slavery or the export of enslaved people. To ensure that no ana murinda or kijiko was unjustly taken and sold, the kingdom even went so far as to interview every enslaved person who was marked for export. The legitimacy of their enslavement had to be proven before they were sold outside of the Ndongo.<ref name=":3" />
==History==
===Rise of Ndongo===
The Mbundu people founded the Kingdom of Ndongo under a king of the Ngola dynasty, using their artisan, blacksmithing, and agricultural skills to become influential traders in the region.<ref name=":2" /> They established massive farming communities, created unity through the veneration of ''zumbi'' (ancestors) and ''ilundu'' (deities), and organized military strategies to fortify their borders and protect their people.<ref name=":2" />
====Seeds of independence====
In 1518, Ngola Kiluanji of the Kingdom of Ndongo sent
====War of 1556====
Around 1556, Ndongo sent another mission to Portugal seeking military assistance and offering to be baptized, even though Portuguese officials
The second Portuguese mission arrived at the mouth of the [[Cuanza River]] in 1560, headed by [[Paulo Dias de Novais]], grandson of the famous explorer [[Bartolomeu Dias]], and including several [[Jesuit]] priests including [[Francisco de Gouveia]].
===The Portuguese colony of Angola===
By the time of the third mission in 1571, the [[list of kings of Portugal|King of Portugal]] [[Sebastian I]] had decided to charge Dias de Novais with the conquest and subjugation of the "Kingdom of Angola",<ref name=":3">Heywood, Linda M. & Thornton, John K. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82 Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660],'' p. 73-79, 82. Cambridge University Press, 2007.</ref> authorizing him to govern the region, bring in settlers, and build forts. Dias de Novais arrived in [[Luanda]] by arrangement with Kongo's king [[Álvaro I]] in
===The First Portuguese-Ndongo War===
In 1579, Portuguese merchants who had settled in Kongo, led by [[Francisco Barbuda]], advised [[Njinga Ndambi Kilombo kia Kasenda]] that Portugal intended to take over his country.
The following war
=== The Imbangala period ===
During the early seventeenth century, an uneasy peace was held between Portugal and Ndongo. The Portuguese continued their expansion along the Kwanza, founding the presidio of Cambambe in 1602 and attempted, whenever possible, to meddle in Ndongo's politics, especially as it concerned Ndongo's tenuous hold on Kisama and other lands south of the Kwanza River.
In 1617, the new governor [[Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos]], after first rejecting the use of Imbangala troops, committed himself to the alliance and began aggressive campaigns against Ndongo.
Mendes de Vasconcelos' successor, João Correia de Sousa, tried to make peace with Ndongo
However, João Correia de Sousa became involved in a disastrous war with Kongo and, in the aftermath, was expelled from the colony by angry citizens. His temporary successor, the bishop, was unable to execute the treaty, and it was then left to the new governor, Fernão de Sousa, to settle matters when he came in 1624.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
===The rise of Queen Nzinga===
Portugal's failure to honor its treaty took a toll on Ngola Mbandi
Father Giovanni took this opportunity to reopen negotiations with Nzinga, whose legitimacy he questioned.
Sousa felt confident enough at this point to declare Nzinga deposed and convened some sobas who had supported her to re-elect as new king Hari a Kiluanji, lord of the rocky fortress of Mpungo a Ndongo (or [[Pungo Andongo]]) in 1626
Nzinga refused to recognize Hari a Ngola, claiming that he was of slave origin and not eligible to reign. She reoccupied Kindonga and began mobilizing the support of all the sobas opposed to Hari an Angola and Portuguese rule, leading to a second war with Portugal. Sousa's army defeated Nzinga again in 1628,
Desperate, Nzinga joined
At this point, the history of Nzinga becomes that of Matamba, and her career can be followed in that country.
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===Ndongo under Filipe Hari a Ndongo's dynasty===
{{main|Battle of Pungo Andongo}}
Filipe I served the Portuguese loyally in the following decades, even when the Portuguese made a separate peace with Nzinga in 1639. His troops were the
Following the expulsion of the Dutch, however, Filipe began to feel that the Portuguese were not giving him his full due.
== Military ==
The Ndongo army did not rely on arms such as shields for defense.
{{Blockquote|all their defense consists of sanguar which is to leap from one side to another with a thousand twists and such agility that they can dodge arrows and spears....}}
Professional forces trained for war in the army were referred to as ''quimbares''.<ref name="Ango war"/> Before the war against Portugal in the late 16th century, Ndongo could hire Portuguese mercenaries such as the forces of Paulo Dias de Novais in 1575.<ref name="Thorn musk"/> There also existed special forces referred to as the "Flower of Angola" from 1585 who fell solely under the auspices of the King.<ref>{{harvp|Thornton |1999|p=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4whuEAAAQBAJ
Ndongo's army was organized into mass units
== Sources ==
by António Brásio. In addition, several Italian Capuchin missionaries, especially Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi and António da Gaeta, wrote book-length descriptions of the country in the mid-seventeenth century when it
* António Brásio, ed. ''Monumenta Missionaria Africana'', 1st series (15 volumes, Lisbon, 1952–88)
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== Notable people ==
* [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba|Nzinga of Ndongo]], Queen of Ndongo▼
*
** [[Angela (enslaved woman)|Angela]]
** [[Emanuel Driggus]]
** [[John Graweere]]
* [[Gullah Jack]]
▲* [[Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba|Nzinga of Ndongo]], Queen of Ndongo
==See also==
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* Joseph C. Miller, ''Kings and kinsmen: early Mbundu states in Angola'', Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0198227043}}
* Graziano Saccardo, ''Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini'' (3 vols, Venice, 1982–83)
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFjPDwAAQBAJ&dq=ndongo+weapons&pg=PA87|last1=Thornton |first1=John Kelly|author-link=John Thornton (historian)|year=2020|title=A History of West Central Africa to 1850|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781107127159|issn=2753-0116}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdI8DYItvg8C&q=gbs_navlinks_s|last1=Thornton |first1=John Kelly|author-link=John Thornton (historian)|year=1999|title=Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800|publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=9781857283921}}
==External links==
* [http://nzinghaofangola.tripod.com/ Nzingha, Queen of Ndongo (1582--1663)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709112329/http://nzinghaofangola.tripod.com/ |date=2019-07-09 }}
{{Authority control}}
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