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{{Short description|Mechanical linkage used for copying drawings}}
{{About|the duplication instrument|the electrical device used above trains or trams|Pantograph (transport)|other uses|}}
[[File:Pantograph in action.svg|thumb|Drafting pantograph in use]]
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[[File:Pantograph01.jpg|thumb|Pantograph 3d rendering]]
A '''pantograph''' (
== History ==
[[File:Eidographe2.svg|thumb|left|Diagram illustrating the principles used by William Wallace's eidograph]]
The ancient Greek engineer [[Hero of Alexandria]] described pantographs in his work ''Mechanics''.<ref>{{cite book| last = Ceccarelli| first = Marco | title = Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UmBnVMA5ri4C| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|date=2007| page = 230| isbn = 978-1-4020-6366-4}}</ref>
In 1603,<ref name=GPscheiner>{{Cite web|url=http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/scheiner.html|title=The Galileo Project — Scheiner, Christoph" (history)|first=Albert|last=Van Helden|publisher=Galileo Project, [[Rice University]]|date=1995|access-date=24 March 2020
== Uses ==
[[File:Francis Galton's pantograph.jpg|thumb|Francis Galton's pantograph]]▼
=== Drafting ===
The original use of the pantograph was for copying and [[scaling (geometry)|scaling]] [[technical drawing|line drawings]]. Modern versions are sold as
=== Sculpture and minting ===▼
▲File:Francis Galton's pantograph.jpg
Sculptors use a three-dimensional version of the pantograph,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/an-unfinished-symphony-in-stone|title=An Unfinished Symphony In Stone: A video with sculptor CS Jagger using a three-dimensional pantograph|publisher=[[Pathé News|British Pathé]]|language=en-GB|at=1 min. 7 sec.|access-date=24 March 2020|date=28 January 1935
▲===Sculpture and minting===
▲Sculptors use a three-dimensional version of the pantograph,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/an-unfinished-symphony-in-stone|title=An Unfinished Symphony In Stone: A video with sculptor CS Jagger using a three-dimensional pantograph|publisher=[[Pathé News|British Pathé]]|language=en-GB|at=1 min. 7 sec.|access-date=24 March 2020|date=28 January 1935|quote=A wooden framework, approximating to the proportions, was built with this ingenious type of pantograph, which conveyed the outline from the quarter size model...Then [[Charles Sargeant Jagger|Mr. Jagger]]'s pantograph came into action again. Every little contour from the previous model was transferred by pegs, inserted into the larger model at their correct and varied heights. }}</ref> usually a large boom connected to a fixed point at one end, bearing two rotating pointing needles at arbitrary points along this boom. By adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved. This device, now largely overtaken by [[Computer-aided manufacturing|computer guided]] [[CNC Router|router]] systems that [[3D scanner|scan]] a [[Scale model|model]] and can produce it in a variety of materials and in any desired size,<ref name="castro2003">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag03/janfeb03/cronin/cronin.shtml|title=Making the Personal Monumental: A Conversation with Patricia Cronin|first=Jan Garden |last=Castro|access-date=23 August 2017|publisher=[[International Sculpture Center]]|journal=[[Sculpture (magazine)|Sculpture]]|volume=22|date=January–February 2003|issue=1|quote=[W]e fabricated this piece using the newest digital technology, a five-axis milling machine at Johnson Atelier in Mercerville, New Jersey. They bought a brand-new machine from Milan specifically to carve this piece—it’s the second one built in the world. The machines are called CNC—Computer Numerically Controlled carving machines. The coupling of 21st-century technology with marble, ..., we 3D-scanned my two-thirds scale plaster to program the milling machine to do complex carving.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001223724/https://www.sculpture.org/documents/scmag03/janfeb03/cronin/cronin.shtml|archive-date=1 October 2019|url-status=live }}</ref> was invented by inventor and steam pioneer [[James Watt]] (1736–1819) and perfected by [[Benjamin Cheverton]] (1796–1876) in 1836. Cheverton's machine was fitted with a rotating cutting bit to carve reduced versions of well-known sculptures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://writeantiques.com/the-man-who-brought-marble-sculpture-down-to-size/|title=The man who brought marble sculpture down to size - WriteAntiques|website=writeantiques.com|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823073907/http://writeantiques.com/the-man-who-brought-marble-sculpture-down-to-size/|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A three-dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the model and the copy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keropiansculpture.com/enlarging_machine.html|title=Enlarging and Reducing Sculpture|website=www.keropiansculpture.com|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terraz.org/liberty/article.php3?id_article=20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040716025123/http://www.terraz.org/liberty/article.php3?id_article=20|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2004|title=Enlarging a copy of the Statue of Liberty (French) by means of a 3d-pantograph with a scanning wheel and a cutting edge, in clay.|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
Another version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large [[relief]] designs for [[coin]]s down to the required size of the coin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/moderncoinminting.asp|title=Designing and minting coins|first=Ioannis|last=Androulakis|website=www.fleur-de-coin.com|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>
=== Acoustic cylinder duplication ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2018}}
One advantage of [[phonograph]] and gramophone discs over cylinders in the 1890s—before electronic amplification was available—was that large numbers of discs could be stamped quickly and cheaply. In 1890, the only ways of manufacturing copies of a master cylinder were to mold the cylinders (which was slow and, early on, produced very poor copies)
=== Milling machines ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Pantograph
[[File:Pantograph
▲[[File:Pantograph mill table.jpg|thumb|Detail of the table of a larger pantograph milling machine.]]
Before the advent of control technologies such as [[numerical control]] (NC and CNC) and [[programmable logic controller|programmable logic control]] (PLC), duplicate parts being milled on a [[milling machine]] could not have their contours mapped out by moving the [[milling cutter]] in a "connect-the-dots" ("by-the-numbers") fashion. The only ways to control the movement of the cutting tool were to dial the positions by hand using dexterous skill (with natural limits on a human's [[accuracy and precision]]) or to trace a cam, template, or model in some way, and have the cutter mimic the movement of the tracing stylus. If the milling head was mounted on a pantograph, a duplicate part could be cut (and at various scales of magnification besides 1:1) simply by tracing a template. (The template itself was usually made by a [[tool and die maker]] using [[toolroom]] methods, including milling via dialing followed by hand sculpting with [[file (tool)|files]] and/or [[die grinder]] points.) This was essentially the same concept as reproducing documents with a pen-equipped pantograph, but applied to the [[machining]] of hard materials such as metal, wood, or plastic. Pantograph [[router (woodworking)|routing]], which is conceptually identical to pantograph milling, also exists (as does CNC routing). The Blanchard lathe, a [[Thomas Blanchard (inventor)#Machine tools for gun making and pattern copying lathe|copying lathe developed by Thomas Blanchard]], used the same essential concept.
The development and dissemination throughout industry of NC, CNC, PLC, and other control technologies provided a new way to control the movement of the milling cutter: via feeding information from a program to actuators ([[Servomotor|servos]], [[selsyn]]s, [[leadscrew]]s, machine slides, [[spindle (tool)|spindles]], and so on) that would move the cutter as the information directed. Today most commercial machining is done via such programmable, computerized methods. Home machinists are likely to work via manual control, but computerized control has reached the home-shop level as well (it
=== Other uses ===
▲[[File:Pantograph Mirror.gif|thumb|Pantograph mirror]]
In another application similar to drafting, the pantograph is incorporated into a pantograph engraving machine with a revolving cutter instead of a pen, and a tray at the pointer end to fix precut lettered plates (referred to as 'copy'), which the pointer follows and thus the cutter, via the pantograph, reproduces the 'copy' at a ratio to which the pantograph arms have been set. The typical range of ratio is Maximum 1:1 Minimum 50:1 (reduction) In this way machinists can neatly and accurately [[engraving|engrave]] numbers and letters onto a part. Pantographs are no longer commonly used in modern engraving, with computerized laser and rotary engraving taking favor.
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The device which maintains electrical contact with the [[overhead line|contact wire]] and transfers power from the wire to the [[railway electric traction#Unit types|traction unit]], used in [[electric locomotive]]s and [[tram]]s, is also called a "[[Pantograph (transport)|pantograph]]".
[[Herman Hollerith]]'s [[Keypunch|"Keyboard punch"]] used for the [[1890 United States Census|1890 U.S. Census]] was a pantograph design and sometimes referred to as "The Pantograph Punch".<ref>{{cite book |author1-link=Leon E. Truesdell | last = Truesdell | first = Leon E. | title = The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940 | publisher = US GPO | year = 1965 }}</ref>▼
▲[[Herman Hollerith]]'s [[Keypunch|"Keyboard punch"]] used for the [[1890 United States Census|1890 U.S. Census]] was a pantograph design and sometimes referred to as "The Pantograph Punch".<ref>{{cite book | last = Truesdell | first = Leon E. | title = The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940 | publisher = US GPO | year = 1965 }}</ref>
An early 19th-century device employing this mechanism is the [[Polygraph (duplicating device)|polygraph]], which produces a duplicate of a letter as the original is written.
In 1886, [[Eduard Selling]] patented a prize-winning calculating machine based on the pantograph, although it was not commercially successful.<ref>{{cite book|author=Selling, E.|title=Eine neue Rechenmaschine|year=1887|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|doi=10.3931/e-rara-18446}}</ref>
[[Longarm quilting]] machine operators may trace a pantograph, paper pattern, with a laser pointer to stitch a custom pattern onto the quilt.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Digitized pantographs are followed by computerized machines.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}
[[Linn Boyd Benton]] invented a pantographic engraving machine for type design,<ref>{{cite book|author=Cost, Patricia.|title=The Bentons: How an American Father and Son Changed the Printing Industry|year=2011|location=Rochester, NY|isbn=978-1-933360-42-3}}</ref> which was capable not only of scaling a single font design pattern to a variety of sizes, but could also condense, extend, and slant the design (mathematically, these are cases of [[affine transformation]], which is the fundamental geometric operation of most systems of digital typography today, including [[PostScript]]).<ref name="Linotype2022">{{
[[Richard Feynman]] used the analogy of a pantograph as a way of scaling down tools to the nanometer scale in his talk [[There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom]].
== See also ==▼
* {{annotated link|Autopen}}
▲==See also==
* {{annotated link|Parallel motion linkage}}
*
▲*[[Lettering guide]]
== References ==
{{refs}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Pantographs (instrument)}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124851/http://www.ies.co.jp/math/java/geo/panta/panta.html Pantograph Java applet]
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pantograph.html Pantograph] at mathworld.wolfram.com
* [http://www.peter.com.au/articles/pantograph.html How to build a pantograph]
* [http://www.rostek-uk.com/html/building_maintenance_units.html Pantograph Cradle used in Building Facade Access System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101092404/http://rostek-uk.com/html/building_maintenance_units.html |date=2014-01-01 }}
* [http://www.galleyrack.com/images/artifice/letters/pantocut/general-pantographs/schwamb-merrill-2ed-1915-elements-of-mechanism-pp-120-124-pantograph-0600greyjpg.pdf Mechanism of a pantograph]
* [http://www.engraversjournal.com/article.php/2207/index.html R&I Industry Scrapbook Part 2: The Pantograph Era by Kristin Huff]
{{Metalworking navbox|machopen}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Art and craft toys]]
[[Category:Linkages (mechanical)]]
[[Category:Technical drawing tools]]
[[Category:Copying]]
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