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[[File:Charles Green by Hilaire Ledru.jpg|right|thumb|Portrait of Charles Green by [[Hilaire Ledru]], 1835]]
 
'''Charles Green''' (31 January 1785 – 26 March 1870) was the United Kingdom's most famous [[Balloon (aircraft)|balloonist]] of the 19th century.<ref>[http://www.ballong.org/peter/jesper/cia/report.php?period name=03&title=Part%203,%201801-1850 Balloon records], accessed May 2009<"fai"/ref> He experimented with [[coal gas]] as a cheaper and more readily available alternative to [[hydrogen]] for lifting power. His first ascent was in a coal gas balloon on 19 July 1821. He became a professional balloonist and had made 200 ascents by 1835. In 1836, he set a major long distance record in the balloon ''Royal Vauxhall'', flying overnight from [[Vauxhall Gardens]] in [[London]] to [[Weilburg]], [[Duchy of Nassau]] (Germany)<ref name=fai>[http://www.ballong.org/peter/jesper/cia/report.php?period=03&title=Part%203,%201801-1850 Balloon records], accessed May 2009</ref> a distance of {{convert|480|mi|km}}. By the time he retired in 1852, he had flown in a balloon more than 500 times.<ref name=salv/>
 
Green is credited with the invention of the trail rope as an aid to steering and landing a balloon.<ref name=fai/>
 
A trophy named after him, the "Charles Green Salver", is awarded by the [[British Balloon and Airship Club]] (BBAC) for exceptional flying achievements or contributions in ballooning.<ref name=salv>[http://www.bbac.org/trophyCG Charles Green Salver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204014935/http://www.bbac.org/trophyCG |date=4 December 2016 }}, BBAC, accessed May 2009</ref> The trophy was originally given to Green by [[Richard Crawshay]] after a ballonballoon trip in Norfolk. Recipients have included [[Brian Jones (aeronaut)|Brian Jones]] and [[Bertrand Piccard]] for the first round-the-world balloon flight. Green was included in the ballooning hall of fame{{clarification neededclarify|date=March 2016}} in 1999.<ref>[http://www.fai.org/ballooning/node/19 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), Ballooning Commission Hall of Fame] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618005856/http://www.fai.org/ballooning/node/19 |date=18 June 2009 }}, accessed May 2009</ref>
 
==BiographyEarly life==
Charles Green was born on 31 January 1785 at 92 Goswell Road, London the son of Thomas Green, a fruiterer. Green on leaving school joined his father's business.<ref name=dnb>Dictionary of National Biography (1885–1900), by G. C. Boase, Published 1890 a publication now in the public domain.</ref>
 
==Balloonist==
{{1836 balloonists}}
Green, son of Thomas Green, fruiterer, of Willow Walk, Goswell Street, London, who died in May 1850, aged 88, was born at 92 Goswell Road, London, on 31 January 1785, and on leaving school joined his father's business.<ref name=dnb>Dictionary of National Biography (1885–1900), by G. C. Boase, Published 1890 a publication now in the public domain.</ref> His first ascent was from the [[Green Park, London]], on 19 July 1821, by order of the government, at the coronation of George IV, in the first ever balloon filled with [[carburetted hydrogen]] gas.<ref name=fai/><ref name=dnb/> The trip got into trouble and he had to be rescued by a passing ship captained by the mate, Francis Cheesman, who ran the silk through with his bowsprit, releasing the gas. After that time he made 526 ascents. On 16 August 1828 he ascended from the Eagle Tavern, [[City Road]], on the back of his pony, and after being up for half an hour descended at [[Beckenham]] in Kent. In 1836 he constructed the Great Nassau balloon for Gye and Hughes, proprietors of Vauxhall Gardens, from whom he subsequently purchased it for £500 pounds, and on 9 September in that year made the first ascent with it from Vauxhall Gardens, in company with eight persons, and, after remaining in the air about one hour and a half, descended at [[Cliffe, Kent|Cliffe]], near Gravesend. On 21 September he made a second ascent, accompanied by eleven persons, and descended at Beckenham in Kent. He also made four other ascents with it from Vauxhall, including the celebrated continental ascent, undertaken at the expense of [[Robert Hollond]], M.P. for Hastings, who, with [[Thomas Monck Mason|Monck Mason]], accompanied him. They left Vauxhall Gardens at 1:30&nbsp;p.m. on 7 November 1836, and, crossing the channel from Dover the same evening, descended the next day, at 7 a.m., at [[Weilburg]] in Nassau, Germany, having travelled altogether about five hundred miles in eighteen hours.<ref name=fai/> This journey was celebrated with a painting by John Hollins that is now in the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]] in London.<ref name=hollin>[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=4710&eDate=&lDate= A Consultation prior to the Aerial Voyage to Weilburgh, 1836], John Hollins, 1836, National Portrait Gallery</ref> The painting shows Green, John Hollins (the artist), Robert Hollond M.P. [[William Milbourne James (judge)|Sir William Milbourne James]], [[Thomas Monck Mason]] and [[Walter Prideaux]].<ref name=hollin/>
Charles Green was born on the 31st of January, 1785 in London.
Green, son of Thomas Green, fruiterer, of Willow Walk, Goswell Street, London, who died in May 1850, aged 88, was born at 92 Goswell Road, London, on 31 January 1785, and on leaving school joined his father's business.<ref name=dnb>Dictionary of National Biography (1885–1900), by G. C. Boase, Published 1890 a publication now in the public domain.</ref> His first ascent was from the Green Park, London, on 19 July 1821, by order of the government, at the coronation of George IV, in the first ever balloon filled with carburetted hydrogen gas.<ref name=fai/><ref name=dnb/> The trip got into trouble and he had to be rescued by a passing ship captained by the mate, Francis Cheesman, who ran the silk through with his bowsprit, releasing the gas. After that time he made 526 ascents. On 16 August 1828 he ascended from the Eagle Tavern, City Road, on the back of his pony, and after being up for half an hour descended at Beckenham in Kent. In 1836 he constructed the Great Nassau balloon for Gye and Hughes, proprietors of Vauxhall Gardens, from whom he subsequently purchased it for 500 pounds, and on 9 September in that year made the first ascent with it from Vauxhall Gardens, in company with eight persons, and, after remaining in the air about one hour and a half, descended at Cliffe, near Gravesend. On 21 September he made a second ascent, accompanied by eleven persons, and descended at Beckenham in Kent. He also made four other ascents with it from Vauxhall, including the celebrated continental ascent, undertaken at the expense of [[Robert Hollond]], M.P. for Hastings, who, with [[Thomas Monck Mason|Monck Mason]], accompanied him. They left Vauxhall Gardens at 1:30&nbsp;p.m. on 7 November 1836, and, crossing the channel from Dover the same evening, descended the next day, at 7 a.m., at [[Weilburg]] in Nassau, Germany, having travelled altogether about five hundred miles in eighteen hours.<ref name=fai/> This journey was celebrated with a painting by John Hollins that is now in the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]] in London.<ref name=hollin>[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=4710&eDate=&lDate= A Consultation prior to the Aerial Voyage to Weilburgh, 1836], John Hollins, 1836, National Portrait Gallery</ref> The painting shows Green, John Hollins (the artist), Robert Hollond M.P. [[William Milbourne James (judge)|Sir William Milbourne James]], [[Thomas Monck Mason]] and [[Walter Prideaux]].<ref name=hollin/>
On 19 December 1836 he again went up from Paris with six persons, and on 9 January 1837 with eight persons. The Great Nassau ascended from Vauxhall Gardens on 24 July, Green having with him [[Edward Spencer (aeronaut)|Edward Spencer]] and [[Robert Cocking]]. At a height of five thousand feet Cocking liberated himself from the balloon, and descending in a parachute of his own construction<ref name=salv/> into a field at Burnt Ash Farm near [[Lee, London|Lee]]. Cocking was killed on reaching the ground.<ref>Times, 25, 26, 27, and 29 July 1837</ref> The balloon came down the same evening near [[Town Malling]], Kent, and it was not until the next day that Green heard of the death of his companion.<ref name=dnb/>
 
[[File:Balloon Charles Green 1836.jpg|thumb|right|Charles Green's balloon at Weilburg, Germany, 1836.]]
In 1838 Green made two experimental ascents from Vauxhall Gardens at the expense of George Rush of [[Elsenham Hall]], Essex. The first took place on 4 September, Rush and Edward Spencer accompanying the aeronaut. They attained the elevation of {{convert|19335|ft|m}}, and descended at [[Thaxted]] in Essex. The second experiment was made on 10 September, and was for the purpose of ascertaining the greatest altitude that could be attained with the Great Nassau balloon inflated with carburetted hydrogen gas and carrying two persons only. Green ascended with Rush for his companion, and they reached the elevation of {{convert|27146|ft|m}}, or about {{convert|5|mi|km|0|spell=in}} and a quarter, as indicated by the barometer, which fell from {{convert|30.50 |to |11|inHg|hPa|abbr=on|comma=off}}, the thermometer falling from {{convert|61° |to |5|°F|°C}}, or 27 °F below freezing point. On several occasions this balloon was carried by the upper currents between eighty {{convert|80|and one hundred miles (-)|100|mph|kph|abbr=out|spell=in the hour}}.
 
On 31 March 1841 Green ascended from Hastings, accompanied by Charles Frederick William, duke of Brunswick, and in five hours descended at [[Neufchâtel-Hardelot|Neufchatel]], about {{convert|10|mi|km|0|spell=in}} south-west of Boulogne. His last and farewell public ascent took place from Vauxhall Gardens on Monday, 13 September 1852. In 1840 he had propounded his ideas about crossing the Atlantic in a balloon, and six years later made a proposal for carrying out such an undertaking.
 
Many of his ascents were made alone, as when he went up from [[Boston, Lincolnshire|Boston]] in June 1846, and again in July when he made a night ascent from Vauxhall. During his career he had many dangerous experiences. In 1822,<ref>The Strabane Morning Post 6 August 1822 reported that £20,000 had been bet on the outcome of the flight</ref> when ascending from Cheltenham, accompanied by Mr. Griffiths, some malicious person partly severed the ropes which attached the car to the balloon, so that in starting the car broke away from the balloon, and its occupants had to take refuge on the hoop of the balloon, in which position they had a perilous journey and a most dangerous descent, when they were both injured. Mr. Green received a serious contusion on the left side of the chest, and Mr. Griffith a severe injury of the spine.<ref>"The history and antiquities of Ecton" by John hallHall</ref> This is the only case on record of such a balloon voyage. In 1827 Green made his 69th ascent, from Newbury in Berkshire, accompanied by H. Simmons of Reading, a deaf and dumb gentleman, when a violent thunderstorm threatened the safety of the balloon.<ref name=dnb/> On 17 August 1841, on going up from [[Cremorne Gardens, London|Cremorne]] with Mr. Macdonnell, a jerk of the grappling-iron upset the car and went near to throwing out the aeronaut and his companion. Green was the first to demonstrate, in 1821, that coal-gas was applicable to the inflation of balloons. Before his time pure hydrogen gas was used, a substance very expensive, the generation of which was so slow that two days were required to fill a large balloon, and then the gas was excessively volatile. He was also the inventor of ‘thethe "guide-rope", a rope trailing from the car, which could be lowered or raised by means of a windlass and used to regulate the ascent and descent of the balloon. After living in retirement for many years he died suddenly of heart disease at his residence, Ariel Villa, 51 Tufnell Park, Holloway, London, 26 March 1870.<ref name=dnb/>
 
==Family life==
He married Martha Morrell, who died at North Hill, Highgate, London. His son, George Green, who had made 83 ascents with the Nassau balloon, died at Belgrave Villa, Holloway, London, on 10 February 1864, aged 57.<ref name=dnb/> He is buried in [[Highgate Cemetery]] (East). His monument is a small pedestal surmounted by the sculpted top half of a hot-air balloon.
[[File:Grave of Charles Green in Highgate Cemetery.jpg|thumb|left|Grave of Charles Green in [[Highgate Cemetery]]]]
Green married Martha Morrell and they had a son George Green, who had made 83 ascents with the Nassau balloon<ref name=dnb/> After living in retirement for many years he died suddenly of heart disease at his residence, Ariel Villa, 51 Tufnell Park, Holloway, London, 26 March 1870.<ref name=dnb/>
 
He is buried in the eastern side of [[Highgate Cemetery]]. His monument is a small pedestal surmounted by the sculpted top half of a hot-air balloon.
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[Timeline of aviation - 19th century#1830s|Timeline of aviation 1830s]]
 
==References==
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==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070207015724/http://www.bbac.org/trophy2.php British Balloon and Airship Club, Charles Green Salver]
*{{Find a Grave|10611}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = Human altitude record
| years = 1838-1862
| with = George Rush
| before = [[Étienne-Gaspard Robert]] and Auguste Lhoëst
| after = [[James Glaisher]] and [[Henry Tracey Coxwell]]
}}
{{S-end}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Green, Charles}}
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[[Category:1785 births]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery]]
[[Category:Flight altitude record holders]]
[[Category:Balloon flight record holders]]