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Line 1: {{Short description\|Local implementation of a style of architecture and design}} {{Use British English\|date=December 2020}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox art movement \| name = Art Deco in Brussels \| image = {{photomontage \| photo1a = Brussels Expo, Palais 5 (DSCF1226).jpg \| photo2a = La Villa Empain en 2012, après restauration..jpg \| photo2b = Roseland 5.JPG \| photo3a = Museum Van Buuren 10.jpg \| size = 200 \| color_border = #AAAAAA \| color = #F9F9F9 }} \| caption = Top: [[Brussels Expo\|Centenary Palace]] (1935); Centre left: Entrance of the [[Villa Empain]] (1930–1934); Centre right: Complexe Albert Hall (~~1931–1932~~1931–32); Bottom: [[Museum David and Alice van Buuren]] (1924–1928) \| yearsactive = {{circa\|1919–1939}} \| country = Belgium }} The [[Art Deco]] movement of architecture and design appeared in [[Brussels]], ~~([[~~Belgium~~]])~~, immediately after [[World War I]] when the famed architect [[Victor Horta]] began designing the [[Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels\|Centre for Fine Arts]], and continued until the beginning of [[World War II]] in 1939. It took its name from the [[International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts\|International Exposition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts]] held in Paris in 1925. At the end of World War II, Art Deco in Brussels faded to make way for the [[modern architecture\|modernist]] and [[International Style (architecture)\|international]] architectural styles that would mark the postwar period. ==Origins== Line 23 ⟶ 24: ===Josef Hoffmann and the Stoclet Palace (1905–1911)=== The architects of the [[Vienna Secession]] (formed in 1897), especially [[Josef Hoffmann]], had a notable influence on Art Deco and early [[modern architecture\|modernism]] in Brussels. His [[Stoclet Palace]] (1905–1911) on the [[Avenue de Tervueren\|Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan]] in Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, was a prototype of the Art Deco style, featuring geometric volumes, symmetry, straight lines, concrete covered with marble plaques, finely-sculpted ornament, and lavish interiors, including mosaic friezes by [[Gustav Klimt]].~~<ref>~~{{sfn\|Texier~~, Simon, ''Art Déco'' (~~\|2019), \|p~~. 5-7</ref>~~=5–7}} The house was declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2009.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web \|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1298 \|title=Stoclet House \|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre \|website=whc.unesco.org \|language=en \|access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> File:20120923 Brussels PalaisStoclet Hoffmann DSC06725 PtrQs.jpg\|~~The~~ [[Stoclet Palace]] by [[Josef Hoffmann]] (1905–1911) File:20120923 Bruessels PalaisStoclet Hoffmann DSC06760 PtrQs.jpg\|Windows of the Stoclet Palace File:Bruxelles - Palais Stoclet (6).jpg\|Detail of the facade, made of reinforced concrete covered with marble plaques File:~~Ansichtskarte~~View ~~Speisesaal~~of the Dining Room at Palais Stoclet.jpg\|Photograph of the Stoclet Palace's dining room, with furniture by Hoffmann and ceramic frieze by [[~~Gustave~~Gustav Klimt]] </gallery> ===Victor Horta and the Centre for Fine Arts (1923–1929)=== The post-[[World War I]] austerity meant that [[Art Nouveau in Brussels\|Art Nouveau]] was no longer affordable or fashionable for Brussels' [[upper middle class]]. On his return to Brussels in January 1919, following his exile to the United States, [[Victor Horta]], who had gradually been simplifying his style over the previous decade, abandoned organic forms, and instead based his designs on the geometrical. He continued to use rational floor plans, and to apply the latest developments in building technology and [[building services engineering]]. Beginning in 1919, he developed the plans for the [[Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels\|Centre for Fine Arts]] in central Brussels, a multi-purpose cultural centre designed in a more geometric style similar to Art Deco, with construction starting in 1923.~~<ref name="antm">''Horta: Art Nouveau to Modernism'', Harry N Abrams,~~ {{~~ISBN~~sfn\|~~0-8109-6333-7~~Aubry\|Vandenbreeden\|1997}}~~</ref>~~ It was completed in 1929. <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> File:BOZAR (DSCF7462).jpg\|~~The~~ [[Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels\|Centre for Fine Arts]] by [[Victor Horta]] (1923–1929) File:Brussel Bozar Grote zaal Henry Le Boeuf 29-01-2019.jpg\|Henry Le Boeuf Hall at the Centre for Fine Arts File:Brussels Bozar exhibition room.jpg\|Exhibition hall of the Centre for Fine Arts Line 44 ⟶ 45: ==Architecture== {{Main\|List of Art Deco architecture#Belgium}} Monumental [[Art Deco]] structures in Brussels include the [[Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels\|National Basilica of the Sacred Heart]] (1919–1969), located at the border between the [[Koekelberg]] and [[Ganshoren]] municipalities, as well as Brussels’ [[Brussels Central Station\|Central]] and [[Brussels-North railway station\|North]] railway stations (both constructed as part of the [[North–South connection]]). The latter, located in [[Schaerbeek]], has also kept its original [[clock tower]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Schaerbeek - Gare du Nord - Rue du Progrès 80 - SAINTENOY Paul\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Schaerbeek.Rue_du_Progres.80.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref>▼ ▲Monumental [[Art Deco]] structures in Brussels include the [[Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels\|National Basilica of the Sacred Heart]] (1919–1969), located at the border between the [[Koekelberg]] and [[Ganshoren]] municipalities, as well as ~~Brussels’~~Brussels' [[Brussels -Central ~~Station~~railway station\|Central]] and [[Brussels-North railway station\|North]] railway stations (both constructed as part of the [[North–South connection]]). The latter, located in [[Schaerbeek]], has also kept its original [[clock tower]].<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Schaerbeek - Gare du Nord - Rue du Progrès 80 - SAINTENOY Paul\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Schaerbeek.Rue_du_Progres.80.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> * In the [[City of Brussels]], the [[Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels\|Centre for Fine Arts]] (1923–1929)<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Pentagone - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Rue Ravenstein 5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23 - Rue Baron Horta 1-3-5-7-9 - Rue Royale 6 - HORTA Victor\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Pentagone.Rue_Ravenstein.5.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> is a prominent Art Deco building; and so are the Residence Palace (1927) (now part of the [[Europa building]]),<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Extension Est - Résidence Palace - Rue de la Loi 155 - POLAK Michel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Extension_Est.Rue_de_la_Loi.155.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> as well as the former Eastman Dental Hospital (1933–1935) (now the [[House of European History]]),<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Extension Est - Ancien Institut dentaire Eastman (Fondation Eastman) - Rue Belliard 133 - Parc Léopold - THEUNIS Pierre\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Extension_Est.Rue_Belliard.133.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> in the [[European Quarter (Brussels)\|European Quarter]]. Bordering Brussels' historic city centre (the ''Pentagon'') and the [[Northern Quarter (Brussels)\|Northern Quarter]] [[Central business district\|business district]] (also called ''Little Manhattan''), [[Charles Rogier Square]] is home to an important Art Deco architectural heritage, including the Hotel Indigo Brussels - City (formerly Hôtel Albert I) (1929)<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Saint-Josse-ten-Noode - Hôtel Albert Ier - Place Charles Rogier 17-21 - Rue Saint-Lazare 20 - POLAK Michel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.Place_Charles_Rogier.17.html\|access-date=2020-06-27\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> and the Hôtel Siru (1932).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Saint-Josse-ten-Noode - New Hôtel Siru, ancien Nord Hôtel - Rue du Progrès 1 - Rue des Croisades 2-4 - CHABOT Marcel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.Rue_du_Progres.1.html\|access-date=2020-06-27\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> ▼ * In [[Ixelles]], the [[Résidence de la Cambre]] (1938–1939), the first high-rise building in Brussels, on {{lang\|fr\|Boulevard Général Jacques\|italic=no}}/{{lang\|nl\|Generaal Jacqueslaan\|italic=no}},<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Ixelles - Résidence de La Cambre - Boulevard Général Jacques 20-20b - PEETERS Marcel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Ixelles.Boulevard_General_Jacques.20.html\|access-date=2020-11-21\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> the [[Villa Empain]] (1930–1934) on [[Avenue Franklin Roosevelt\|Avenue Franklin Roosevelt/Franklin Rooseveltlaan]] ,<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Extension Sud - Hôtel Empain - Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 67 - Avenue Victoria 32 - POLAK Michel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Extension_Sud.Avenue_Franklin_Roosevelt.67.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> and the former headquarters of the [[Le Flagey\|Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting]] (formerly known as the ''Maison de la Radio'') (1935–1938) on [[Place Flagey\|Eugène Flagey Square]],<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Ixelles - Ancien Institut national de radiodiffusion (INR) - Place Eugène Flagey 18-18a - Rue Alphonse De Witte 4 - Rue du Belvédère 27-29 - DIONGRE Joseph\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Ixelles.Place_Eugene_Flagey.18.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> are also well-known examples of this style.▼ * In [[Forest, Belgium\|Forest]], the [[Forest Town Hall\|Town Hall]] with its belfry (1935–1938), illustrates the leading role the style played in public architecture in Brussels.<ref name="Aubry">Françoise Aubry, Jos Vandenbreeden et France Vanlaethem, ''L'architecture en Belgique : Art nouveau, art déco et modernisme'', Éditions Racine, 2006, {{p.\|259}}.</ref> ▼ ▲* In the [[City of Brussels]], the [[Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels\|Centre for Fine Arts]] (1923–1929)<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Pentagone - Palais des Beaux-Arts - Rue Ravenstein 5-7-9-11-13-15-17-19-21-23 - Rue Baron Horta 1-3-5-7-9 - Rue Royale 6 - HORTA Victor\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Pentagone.Rue_Ravenstein.5.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> is a prominent Art Deco building; and in the [[European Quarter (Brussels)\|European Quarter]] so are the ~~Residence~~Résidence Palace (1927) (now part of the [[Europa building]]),<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Extension Est - Résidence Palace - Rue de la Loi 155 - POLAK Michel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Extension_Est.Rue_de_la_Loi.155.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> as well as the former Eastman Dental Hospital (1933–1935) (now the [[House of European History]]),.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Extension Est - Ancien Institut dentaire Eastman (Fondation Eastman) - Rue Belliard 133 - Parc Léopold - THEUNIS Pierre\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Extension_Est.Rue_Belliard.133.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> ~~in the [[European Quarter (Brussels)\|European Quarter]].~~ Bordering Brussels' historic city centre (the ''[[Pentagon'' (Brussels)\|Pentagon]]) and the [[Northern Quarter (Brussels)\|Northern Quarter]] [[Central business district\|business district]] (also called ''Little Manhattan''), the [[Place Charles Rogier\|Place ~~Square~~Charles Rogier/Karel Rogierplein]] is home to an important Art Deco architectural heritage, including the Hotel Indigo Brussels - City (formerly the Hôtel Albert I) (1929)<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Saint-Josse-ten-Noode - Hôtel Albert Ier - Place Charles Rogier 17-21 - Rue Saint-Lazare 20 - POLAK Michel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.Place_Charles_Rogier.17.html\|access-date=2020-06-27\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> and the Hôtel Siru (1932).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Saint-Josse-ten-Noode - New Hôtel Siru, ancien Nord Hôtel - Rue du Progrès 1 - Rue des Croisades 2-4 - CHABOT Marcel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.Rue_du_Progres.1.html\|access-date=2020-06-27\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> Some religious buildings from the [[interwar period]] were also constructed in that style, such as the [[Church of St. John the Baptist, Molenbeek\|Church of St. John the Baptist]] (1930–1932) in [[Molenbeek]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Molenbeek-Saint-Jean.Parvis_Saint-Jean-Baptiste.A001.html\|title=Molenbeek-Saint-Jean - église Saint-Jean-Baptiste - Parvis Saint-Jean-Baptiste - DIONGRE Joseph\|website=www.irismonument.be\|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> and the [[Church of St. Augustine, Forest\|Church of St. Augustine]] (1932–1935) in Forest.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Forest.Place_Altitude_Cent.A001.html\|title=Forest - Eglise Saint-Augustin - Place Altitude Cent - GUIANNOTTE Léon\|website=www.irismonument.be\|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> Another example are the exhibition halls of the Centenary Palace, built for the [[Brussels International Exposition (1935)\|1935 World's Fair]] on the [[Heysel Plateau\|''Heysel''/''Heizel'' Plateau]] in northern Brussels, and home to the Brussels Exhibition Centre (Brussels Expo).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Laeken - Palais des Expositions du Heysel - Place de Belgique - BAES Louis\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Laeken.Place_de_Belgique.A001.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref>▼ ▲* In [[Ixelles]], the [[Résidence de la Cambre]] (~~1938–1939~~1938–39), the first high-rise building in Brussels, on the {{lang\|fr\|Boulevard Général Jacques\|italic=no}}/{{lang\|nl\|Generaal Jacqueslaan\|italic=no}},<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Ixelles - Résidence de La Cambre - Boulevard Général Jacques 20-20b - PEETERS Marcel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Ixelles.Boulevard_General_Jacques.20.html\|access-date=2020-11-21\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> the [[Villa Empain]] (1930–1934) on the [[Avenue Franklin Roosevelt\|Avenue Franklin Roosevelt/Franklin Rooseveltlaan]] ,<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Extension Sud - Hôtel Empain - Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 67 - Avenue Victoria 32 - POLAK Michel\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Extension_Sud.Avenue_Franklin_Roosevelt.67.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> and ~~the former headquarters of~~ the [[Le Flagey~~\|Belgian National Institute of Radio~~ ~~Broadcasting~~Building]] (~~formerly~~also known as the ''Maison de la Radio'') (1935–1938) on the [[Place Eugène Flagey\|Place Eugène Flagey/Eugène ~~Square~~Flageyplein]],<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Ixelles - Ancien Institut national de radiodiffusion (INR) - Place Eugène Flagey 18-18a - Rue Alphonse De Witte 4 - Rue du Belvédère 27-29 - DIONGRE Joseph\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Ixelles.Place_Eugene_Flagey.18.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> are also well-known examples of this style. ▲* In [[Forest, Belgium\|Forest]], the [[Forest ~~Town~~Municipal Hall\|~~Town~~Municipal Hall]] with its ~~belfry~~tower (1935–1938), illustrates the leading role the style played in public architecture in Brussels.~~<ref name="~~{{sfn\|Aubry~~">Françoise Aubry, Jos~~ \|Vandenbreeden ~~et France~~ \|Vanlaethem~~, ''L'architecture en Belgique : Art nouveau, art déco et modernisme'', Éditions Racine,~~ \|2006, \|p=259}}{{sfn\|Van Cauwelaert\|2004\|p~~.\|259~~=84}}~~.</ref>~~ ▲Some religious buildings from the [[interwar period]] were also constructed in that style, such as the [[Church of St. John the Baptist, Molenbeek\|Church of St. John the Baptist]] (1930–1932) in [[Molenbeek]]<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Molenbeek-Saint-Jean.Parvis_Saint-Jean-Baptiste.A001.html\|title=Molenbeek-Saint-Jean - église Saint-Jean-Baptiste - Parvis Saint-Jean-Baptiste - DIONGRE Joseph\|website=www.irismonument.be\|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> and the [[Church of St. Augustine, Forest\|Church of St. Augustine]] (1932–1935) in Forest.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Forest.Place_Altitude_Cent.A001.html\|title=Forest - Eglise Saint-Augustin - Place Altitude Cent - GUIANNOTTE Léon\|website=www.irismonument.be\|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> Another example are the exhibition halls of the Centenary Palace, built for the [[Brussels International Exposition (1935)\|1935 World's Fair]] on the [[Heysel Plateau\|''Heysel''/''Heizel'' Plateau]] in northern Brussels, and home to the Brussels Exhibition Centre ([[Brussels Expo]]).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Bruxelles Laeken - Palais des Expositions du Heysel - Place de Belgique - BAES Louis\|url=http://www.irismonument.be/fr.Bruxelles_Laeken.Place_de_Belgique.A001.html\|access-date=2020-12-03\|website=www.irismonument.be}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> Line 56 ⟶ 58: File:Saintt Augustine's Church.jpg\|[[Church of St. Augustine, Forest\|Church of St. Augustine]] by Léon Guiannotte and André Watteyne (1932–1935) File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Institut Eastman - 01.jpg\|Former Eastman Dental Hospital (now the [[House of European History]]) by Michel Polak (1933–1935) File:MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg\|[[Forest ~~Town~~Municipal Hall\|Forest's ~~Town~~Municipal Hall]] by Jean-Baptiste Dewin (1935–1938) File:Ancien Institut national de Radiodiffusion - vue d'ensemble.JPG\|[[Le Flagey~~\|Former Belgian National Institute of Radio~~ ~~Broadcasting~~Building]] (or ''Maison de la Radio'') by Joseph Diongre (1935–1938) File:Brussels North station (DSCF7427).jpg\|[[Brussels-North railway station]] entrance and [[clock tower]] by [[Paul Saintenoy]] (1952–1956) </gallery> ==See also== {{~~portal~~Portal\|Belgium}}▼ * [[Art Nouveau in Brussels]]▼ * [[History of Brussels]] * [[Culture of Belgium]] * [[Belgium in the long nineteenth century]] ==References== ~~{{reflist}}~~ ==~~Bibliography~~=Citations=== {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book\|last=Texier\|first=Simon\|title=Art Déco\|year=2019\|publisher=Editions Ouest-France\|isbn=978-27373-8172-0}}▼ ==~~See also~~=Bibliography=== * {{cite book\|last1=Aubry\|first1=Françoise\|last2=Vandenbreeden\|first2=Jos\|title=Horta: Art Nouveau to Modernism\|location=New York\|publisher=Harry N Abrams\|year=1997\|isbn=978-0-8109-6333-7}} ▲{{portal\|Belgium}} * {{cite book\|last1=Aubry\|first1=Françoise\|last2=Vandenbreeden\|first2=Jos\|last3=Vanlaethem\|first3=France\|title=L'architecture en Belgique : Art nouveau, art déco et modernisme\|location=Brussels\|language=fr\|publisher=Éditions Racine\|year=2006\|isbn=978-2-87386-467-5\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_zC8mumIq0C}} ▲* [[Art Nouveau in Brussels]] ▲* {{~~Cite~~cite book\|last=Texier\|first=Simon\|title=Art Déco\|~~year~~location=~~2019~~Rennes\|publisher=Editions Ouest-France\|language=fr\|year=2019\|isbn=978-~~27373~~2-7373-8172-0}} * {{cite book\|last=Van Cauwelaert\|first=Guido\|title=Modernisme Art déco\|location=Sprimont\|language=fr\|publisher=Pierre Mardaga\|year=2004\|isbn=978-2-87009-871-4\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJ-pyIPyEv4C}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline\|Art Deco architecture in Brussels}} [[Category:Art Deco architecture in Belgium]] [[Category:Culture in Brussels]] [[Category:~~History~~1920s ofin Brussels]] [[Category:1930s in Brussels]]