Wikipedia

Archimandrite: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
adding Greek origin of word
name
 
(29 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|Monastic title in Eastern Christianity}}
{{More footnotes |date=November 2017}}
[[Image:Gregorio-e-archimandriti.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[Melkite]] Patriarch [[Gregory III Laham|Gregory III]] (centre of picture) with some archimandrites, visiting the sanctuary of [[Our Lady of Caravaggio]], [[Italy]], on 11 September 2008]]
[[File:Archimandrite.jpg|thumb|250px|An archimandrite wearing his full habit, holding his [[Crosier#Eastern crosiers| pastoral staff]], and minimally vested in an [[epitrachelion]] and [[epimanikia]]. His [[mitre]] stands on the table to his right.]]
 
The title '''archimandrite''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑr|k|ɪ|ˈ|m|æ|n|d|r|aɪ|t|}}; {{lang-gr|ἀρχιμανδρίτης| archimandritēs}}), primarily used in the [[Eastern OrthodoxChristianity]] and the [[Eastern Catholic]] churches, originally referred to a [[Superior (hierarchy)|superior]] [[abbot]] (''[[hegumenos]]'', {{lang-gr|ἡγούμενος}}, present participle of the verb meaning ''"to lead''") whom a [[bishop]] appointed to supervise several '"ordinary'" abbots and [[monasteries]], or toas the abbot of some especially great and important monastery.
 
ItIn the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], "archimandrite" is alsomost often used purely as a [[title of honourhonor]], (with no connection to any actual monastery,) and is bestowed on clergya [[hieromonk]] as a mark of respect or gratitude for service to the Church. This particular sign of respecttitle is only given to those [[Eastern Orthodox priest|priests]] who have takenbeen vows oftonsured celibacymonks, thatwhile isdistinguished monks.non-monastic Distinguished(typically married) clergypriests maywould receivebe given the title of [[archpriest]].
 
== History ==
 
The term derives from the Greek: the first element from {{lang|grc|ἀρχι-}} ''archi-'' meaning "highest" or from ''archon'' "ruler"; and the second root from {{lang|grc|μάνδρα}} ''mandra'' meaning "enclosure" or "corral", "pen" and denoting a "monastery" (compare the usage of "flock" for "congregation").
 
The title has been in common use since the 5th century, but is mentioned for the first time in a letter to [[Epiphanius of Salamis|Epiphanius]], prefixed to his [[Panarion|''Panarium'']] (ca. {{circa|375}}), but the ''[[Lausiac History]]'' of [[Palladius of Galatia|Palladius]] may evidence its common use in the 4th century as applied to Saint [[Pachomius]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Archimandrite|volume=2|page=368}}</ref>
 
When the supervision of monasteries passed to another episcopal official—the Great [[Sakellarios]] ("[[sacristan]]")—the title of archimandrite became an honorary one for abbots of important monasteries (compared to an ordinary abbot, a [[hegumenos]]).
 
== RussianByzantine usage ==▼
==Kiev Metropolis==▼
Initially in some cases it served as an extra title: for example, manuscripts of 1174 mention [[Hegumen Polikarp]] of [[Kiev Cave Monastery]] as "Hegumen Archimandrite".▼
 
The Russian[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]] [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Catholic]] churches commonly selectsselect itstheir [[bishop]]s from the ranks of the archimandrites.▼
▲== Russian usage ==
[[File:Archimandrite's crozier (Kirillo-Belozersk).jpg|thumb|100px|Archimandrite's crozier, Armenia, 19th century]]
 
TheAs abbots, the duties of both a hegumen and an archimandrite are the same; however, during the [[Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)|Divine Service]], a hegumen wears a simple [[Mantle (vesture)|mantle]], while the mantle of an archimandrite is decorated with sacral texts; an archimandrite also wears a [[mitre]] and bears a pastoral staff (''[[pateritsa]]'').▼
In 1764 the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] secularised its monasteries and ranked them in one of three classes, awarding only the abbots at the head of monasteries of the second or first class the title of archimandrite. Abbots of third class monasteries were to be styled "hegumen".▼
 
▲===Kiev Metropolis===
▲The duties of both a hegumen and an archimandrite are the same; however, during the [[Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)|Divine Service]] a hegumen wears a simple [[Mantle (vesture)|mantle]], while the mantle of an archimandrite is decorated with sacral texts; an archimandrite also wears a [[mitre]] and bears a pastoral staff (''[[pateritsa]]'').
▲Initially, in some cases it served as an extra title: for example, manuscripts of 1174 mention [[Hegumen Polikarp]] of [[Kiev Cave Monastery]] as "Hegumen Archimandrite".
 
==Greek= Russian usage ===▼
▲The Russian Orthodox Church commonly selects its [[bishop]]s from the ranks of the archimandrites.
[[File:Archimandrit Martin Marek Krupica.jpg|thumb|Archimandrite {{interlanguage link|Martin Marek Krupica|cs}} fully vested with mitre]]
{{clear}}
 
▲In 1764, the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] secularisedorganized its monasteries and ranked them in one of three classes, awarding only the abbots at the head of monasteries of the second or first class the title of archimandrite. Abbots of third class monasteries were to be styled "hegumen".
▲==Greek usage==
 
An archimandrite is a priest who has taken monastic vows and is theoretically in line to be ordained a bishop. Churches under the spiritual jurisdiction of the four Eastern Orthodox Patriarchates generally require that such a monastic priest possess a university degree in [[theology]] before they are elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Sometimes the requirement is waived if the priest can show outstanding achievement in other academic fields, such as the humanities or science.▼
In the Russian tradition, an archimandrite wears a [[mitre]].
 
===Greek usage===
▲An archimandrite is a priest who has taken monastic vows and is theoretically in line to be ordained a bishop. Churches under the spiritual jurisdiction of the four ancient Eastern Orthodox Patriarchates generally require that such a monastic priest possess a university degree in [[theology]] before theyhe areis elevated to the rank of archimandrite. Sometimes, the requirement is waived if the priest can show outstanding achievement in other academic fields, such as the humanities or science.
 
==Western usage==
Line 34 ⟶ 38:
An archimandrite who does not function as an abbot has the style "The Very Reverend Archimandrite" whilst one with abbatial duties uses the style "The Right Reverend Archimandrite".
 
The word occurs in the ''Regula Columbani'' (c. 7), and [[Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange|du Cange]] gives a few other cases of its use in Latin documents, but it never came into vogue in the West; yet, owing to intercourse with Greek and Slavonic Christianity, the title sometimes appears in southern Italy and Sicily, and in Croatia, Hungary and Poland.<ref name="EB1911"/> From 1979, there is at least one exemplar in Britain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Catharine |date=2023-07-07 |title=At Your Service |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/at-your-service-wxvwtq3d5hr |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflistReflist}}
* {{efron|wstitle=Архимандрит}}
* ''Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie'' (in French)
 
==Further reading==
* {{Citation|last=Plank|first=Peter|contribution=Archimandrite|year=1999|title=Encyclopedia of Christianity|editor-last=Fahlbusch|editor-first=Erwin|volume=1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/118 118]|place=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans|isbn = 0802824137|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch0001unse_t6f2/page/118}}
 
== External links ==
*{{Wiktionary-inline}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Christian religious occupations]]
Line 51 ⟶ 57:
[[Category:Ecclesiastical titles]]
[[Category:Religious leadership roles]]
[[Category:Archimandrites| ]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimandrite"