Surgical oncology: Difference between revisions

As one of several modalities in the [[management of cancer]], the specialty of surgical oncology has evolved in steps similar to [[medical oncology]] ([[pharmacotherapy]] for cancer), which grew out of [[hematology]], and [[radiation oncology]], which grew out of [[radiology]]. The Ewing Society knownSociety—known today as the Society of Surgical Oncology wasOncology—was started by surgeons interested in promoting the field of oncology. ComplexIn General2011, Surgicalthe Oncology[[American wasBoard ratifiedof bySurgery]] aratified specialtyComplex BoardGeneral certificationSurgical inOncology 2011via froma the [[Americanspecialty Board of Surgery]]certification.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.absurgery.org/default.jsp?newssurgonc|title=New Certificate in Complex General Surgical Oncology {{!}} American Board of Surgery|website=www.absurgery.org|access-date=2016-11-03}}</ref> The proliferationfield ofwas cancerexpected centers willto continue toexpanding popularizevia the fieldproliferation of cancer centers, as willwell developmentsas inadvanced minimally invasive techniques, [[palliative surgery]], and neo-adjuvant treatments.

Whether surgical oncology constitutes a medical specialty ''per se'' is the topic of a heated debate. Today, some would agree that it is simply impossible for any one surgeon to be competent in the surgical management of ''all'' malignant disease<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iomcworld.org/open-access/editorialnote-on-carcinoma.pdf|títletitle=Editorial Note on Carcinoma {{!}} Oncology and Case Report|website=www.iomcworld.org}}</ref> There are currently 19 surgical oncology fellowship training programs in the United States that have been approved by the Society of Surgical Oncology and this number is expect to grow.<ref>[https://www.surgonc.org/fellows/surgical-oncology-fellowships/program-list/ Surgical Oncology Fellowship Training Programs]</ref> While many general surgeons are actively involved in treating patients with malignant neoplasms, the designation of "surgical oncologist" is generally reserved for those surgeons who have completed one of the approved fellowship programs. However, this is a matter of semantics, as many surgeons who are thoroughly involved in treating cancer patients may consider themselves to be surgical oncologists.<ref>{{citationCite neededweb|reasonurl=Your explanation herehttps://www.surgonc.org/surgical-oncology-education/|datetitle=NovemberSurgical Oncology 2014Education}}</ref>

The importance of training surgeons who sub-specialize in cancer surgery lies in evidence, supported by a number of [[clinical trials]],<ref>[https://ccr.cancer.gov/surgical-oncology-program/clinical-trials Surgical Oncology Program Clinical Trials]</ref> that outcomes in surgical cancer care are positively associated to surgeon volume—i.e., the more [[cancer]] cases a surgeon treats, the more proficient he or she becomes, and his or her patients experience improved survival rates as a result. This is another controversial point, but it is generally accepted—even as common sense—that a surgeon who performs a given operation more often, will achieve superior results when compared with a surgeon who rarely performs the same procedure. This is particularly true of complex cancer resections such as, [[Breast Cancer Surgery]], [[pancreaticoduodenectomy]] (Whipple procedure) for pancreatic cancer, and [[gastrectomy]] with extended (D2) [[lymphadenectomy]] for gastric cancer. In the United States and Canada, fellowship trained surgical oncologists have among the longest training periods of any physicians/surgeons. In some areas like [[Breast Diseases]] and [[Breast Cancer]] there we know as Breast Surgeon the specialist that only works with patients with [[breast diseases]] and [[breast cancer]]. A training period (clinical and research) of 6 to 8 years is typical and 8–10 years is not uncommon.

==Surgical oncology Techniquestechniques==

One of the first text books dedicated to surgical oncology was written by the American-Irish surgeon, Dr. Theodore O'Connell in 1981.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=O'Connell |author-first=Theodore |title=Surgical Oncology |date=1981 |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, Mass.|ISBN=9780816121571}}</ref> Many publications in surgical oncology are also appearing. The majority are large reference textbooks that seemingly combine specialties that are not generally practiced by a single practitioner but cover the academic subject. A number of practical handbooks such as "surgical oncology" in the well read Oxford Handbooks series, have recently been published, perhaps alluding to the evolving practicality of this emerging discipline.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}