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{{Short description|
An '''encyclical''' was originally a [[Flyer (pamphlet)|circular]] letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient [[Christianity as the Roman state religion|Roman Church]]. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any [[bishop]]. The word comes from the [[Late Latin]] {{lang|la|encyclios}} (originally from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|encyclius}}, a Latinization of [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|ἐνκύκλιος}} ({{transl|grc|enkyklios}}), meaning "circular", "in a circle", or "all-round", also part of the origin of the word [[encyclopedia]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rice|first=Doyle|date=16 June 2015|title=The papal encyclical: What is an 'encyclical'?|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/06/16/pope-francis-encyclical/28814437/|website=USA Today}}</ref> The term has been used by [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. [[Catholic social teaching]] has advanced 19 encyclicals.
==Catholic usage==
Although the term "encyclical" originally simply meant a circulating letter, it acquired a more specific meaning within the context of the Catholic Church. In 1740, [[Pope Benedict XIV]] wrote a letter titled ''Ubi primum'', which is generally regarded as the first
For the modern
===Papal use
{{See also|Lists of papal encyclicals}}In the encyclical ''[[Humani generis]]'', [[Pope Pius XII]] held that papal encyclicals, even when they are of ordinary [[magisterium]], can nonetheless be sufficiently authoritative to end theological debate on a particular question:
{{quote|It is not to be thought that what is set down in Encyclical letters does not demand assent in itself, because in this the popes do not exercise the supreme power of their magisterium. For these matters are taught by the ordinary magisterium, regarding which the following is pertinent: "He who heareth you, heareth Me." (Luke 10:16); and usually what is set forth and inculcated in Encyclical Letters, already pertains to Catholic doctrine. But if the Supreme Pontiffs in their acts, after due consideration, express an opinion on a hitherto controversial matter, it is clear to all that this matter, according to the mind and will of the same Pontiffs, cannot any longer be considered a question of free discussion among theologians.<ref>''[[Humani generis]]''</ref>}}
==Anglican usage==
Amongst [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]]s the term ''encyclical'' was revived in the late 19th century. It is applied to circular letters issued by the English [[primate (bishop)|primate]]s.
==Important Eastern Orthodox encyclicals==
* [[Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs]] (1848)
* Patriarchal encyclical of 1895
* Patriarchal encyclical of 1920
* Patriarchal encyclical of 2012<ref>{{cite news | work = [[The New York Times]] | access-date = 30 August 2017 | title = Orthodox Leader Deepens Progressive Stance on Environment | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/04/science/bartholomew-i-of-constantinoples-bold-green-stance.html | date = 3 December 2012 | first = Marlise | last = Simon as}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Message by H.A.H. Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew upon the Day of Prayer for the Protection of Creation (01/09/2012)|url=https://www.patriarchate.org/-/patriarchikon-menyma-epi-te-eorte-tes-indiktou-2012?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchate.org%2Fpatriarchal-encyclicals-proclamations%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D1%26p_p_col_count%3D2%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_delta%3D15%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_cur%3D4%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_andOperator%3Dtrue&_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_languageId=en_US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529222707/https://www.patriarchate.org/-/patriarchikon-menyma-epi-te-eorte-tes-indiktou-2012?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchate.org%2Fpatriarchal-encyclicals-proclamations%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-1%26p_p_col_pos%3D1%26p_p_col_count%3D2%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_advancedSearch%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_keywords%3D%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_delta%3D15%26p_r_p_564233524_resetCur%3Dfalse%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_cur%3D4%26_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_andOperator%3Dtrue&_101_INSTANCE_QnqPBbQ42NED_languageId=en_US|archive-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Apostolic letter (disambiguation)]]
==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
* ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'' (3rd. ed.), p. 545.
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*[http://www.shc.edu/theolibrary/docs.htm List of papal documents at the Theology Library]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/documents/data/type-PEN.htm Papal Encyclicals] at [http://www.gcatholic.org GCatholic]
*[http://www.papalencyclicals.net www.papalencyclicals.net],
{{Papacy}}
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[[Category:Papal encyclicals| ]]
[[Category:Christian literary genres]]
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