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{{Short description|Mexican
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Family name hatnote|Esquivel|Mossa|lang=Spanish}}
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'''Yasmín Esquivel Mossa''' (born September 15, 1963)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eljuegodelacorte.nexos.com.mx/biografias/yasmin-esquivel-mossa/|title=Yasmín Esquivel Mossa|language=es|work=[[Nexos]]|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> is a Mexican lawyer and public official who serves as a
By late 2022 and early 2023, Esquivel's academic standing has been questioned due to multiple accusations of plagiarism allegedly committed in her licentiate and doctoral theses, which Esquivel has denied.
==Career and education==
As a public official, she began her career in the legal and government subdelegation of the mayor's office in [[Coyoacán]] in 1985. She was a civil servant in the office of the Attorney General of the Federal District and in the [[Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para los Trabajadores|Institute of the National Housing Fund for Workers]].<ref name=AMLO>{{Cite web |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2019/03/13/yasmin-esquivel-la-nueva-ministra-de-la-scjn-y-sus-presuntos-vinculos-con-amlo/ |title=Yasmín Esquivel, la nueva ministra de la SCJN y sus presuntos vínculos con AMLO |trans-title=Yasmín Esquivel, the New SCJN Minister and Her Alleged Links with AMLO |publisher=[[Infobae]] |language=Spanish |date=2019-03-13 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref> In the legal field, Esquivel served as study and account secretary of the presidency of the Superior Agrarian Court from 2000 to 2004.<ref name=Perfil/> She was a magistrate of the Superior Chamber of the Court of Administrative Litigation in 2009, and was its president from 2012 to 2015.<ref name=Perfil/><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.aldf.gob.mx/archivo-b698186b2b807d53952ec160358b3d8a.pdf |title=Sesión del 26 de noviembre de 2009 | trans-title=Session of November 26, 2009 |journal=Diario de los Debates de la Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal |number=31 |pages=21, 28 |language=Spanish |date=2009-11-26 |access-date=2019-09-15}}</ref>
===
Esquivel was selected in 2019 to replace
On April 20, 2022, Esquivel blocked the delivery of the investigation report of alleged acts of illicit financing by Pío López Obrador, brother of the president of Mexico, to the [[Instituto Nacional Electoral|National Electoral Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2022/04/20/politica/otorgan-a-fgr-recurso-para-no-entregar-a-ine-carpeta-pro-el-caso-de-pio-lopez-obrador/|title=Frenan entrega al INE de carpeta por casos de Pío López Obrador y David León|trans-title=Pío López Obrador and David León's case file is held up for delivery to INE|date=2022-04-20|work=[[La Jornada]]|access-date=2022-12-24|first=Eduardo|last=Murillo}}</ref> The report was requested by the institute to the [[Attorney General of Mexico]] following a ruling by the Electoral Tribunal of the Judiciary of the Federation to determine the situation of Pío, who the previous year gained notoriety due to the leaking of a 2015 video in which {{ill|David León Romero|es|David León Romero}}, a coordinator from the [[Ecologist Green Party of Mexico]], gave him cash without a specific origin for "[[National Regeneration Movement|the movement]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xevt.com/politica/para-el-movimiento-era-el-dinero-pio-lopez-obrador/236111|title=Dinero no era para AMLO, era para el movimiento: Pío López Obrador|trans-title=Money was not for AMLO, it was for the movement: Pío López Obrador|language=Es|date=2022-10-20|first=Diana|last=Frías|work=[[XHVT-FM|XEVT]]|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> Esquivel determined that the report could not be released because doing so would violate Pío's human rights, including his right to privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/04/21/ministra-yasmin-esquivel-freno-entrega-del-expediente-de-pio-lopez-obrador-por-derechos-humanos/|title=Ministra Yasmín Esquivel frenó entrega del expediente de Pío López Obrador por Derechos Humanos|language=es|trans-title=Minister Yasmín Esquivel stopped delivery of Pío López Obrador's human rights file|date=2022-04-21|work=[[Infobae]]|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref>
Esquivel
===Licentiate degree===
In December 2022, [[Guillermo Sheridan]], scholar and researcher at UNAM, presented an investigation denouncing that Esquivel's licentiate thesis copied verbatim several segments of another student's thesis published the previous year. According to the investigation, Esquivel's thesis {{lang|es|Inoperancia del sindicato de los trabajadores de confianza del Artículo 123 Apartado A}} ("Inoperability of the union of workers of trust under Article 123 Section A"), presented in September 1987, copies
President López Obrador expressed that "any error, any anomaly, committed by Minister Yasmín when she was a student, when she presented her undergraduate thesis, is infinitely less than the damage caused to Mexico by [[Enrique Krauze|{{bracket|Enrique}} Krauze]] and the man making the accusation, Sheridan", and that the investigation was carried out to attack his government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/amlo-cualquier-error-de-la-ministra-esquivel-es-menor-al-dano-que-han-ocasionado-krauze-o-sheridan|title=AMLO: Cualquier error de la ministra Esquivel es menor al daño que han ocasionado Krauze o Sheridan|trans-title=AMLO: Any mistake made by Minister Esquivel is less than the damage caused by Krauze or Sheridan|date=2022-12-23|access-date=2022-12-24|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|first=Alberto|last=Morales|language=Es}}</ref> Esquivel later shared letters of support and defense of her career from various lawyers and professors, including one from Martha Rodríguez Ortiz, her thesis advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aristeguinoticias.com/2212/mexico/yasmin-esquivel-comparte-carta-de-sinodal-para-defenderse-del-senalamiento-de-plagio/|title=Yasmín Esquivel comparte carta de sinodal para defenderse del señalamiento de plagio|language=es|trans-title=Yasmín Esquivel shares letter from synodal to defend herself from plagiarism accusation|date=2022-12-22|work=[[Aristegui Noticias]]|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> Rodríguez considered that the investigation arose from a "misogynist conspiracy" after Esquivel announced her interest in becoming the first woman to preside over the SCJN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nacion321.com/ciudadanos/asesora-de-tesis-de-yasmin-esquivel-senala-complot-misogino-por-acusacion|title=Asesora de tesis de Yasmín Esquivel señala complot misógino por acusación|trans-title=Yasmín Esquivel's thesis advisor points out misogynist plot for accusation|date=2022-12-22|work=Nación 321|language=es|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> Subsequent investigations determined that Rodríguez was an advisor for both theses and that there are at least eight other theses with similar problems. In addition, there is a 1993 thesis (advised by another professor) and a 2010 thesis (advised by Rodríguez) with identical fragments and similar wording to that of Báez.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/12/23/martha-rodriguez-asesora-de-yasmin-esquivel-dirigio-al-menos-ocho-tesis-en-las-que-se-presume-posible-plagio/|title=Martha Rodríguez, asesora de Yasmín Esquivel, dirigió al menos ocho tesis en las que se presume posible plagio|language=es|trans-title=Martha Rodríguez, Yasmín Esquivel's advisor, supervised at least eight theses in which plagiarism is presumed|work=
On Christmas Day, Esquivel announced a complaint for plagiarism with the Mexico City's prosecutor's office, led by [[Ernestina Godoy Ramos]], affirming that she began writing her thesis in 1985 and that she would continue with the process to become president of the SCJN on January 2, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2022/12/ministra-denuncia-plagio-proyecto-tesis-campana/|title=Ministra Esquivel denuncia ante fiscalía supuesto plagio de su proyecto de tesis; hay una campaña en mi contra, dice|trans-title=Minister Esquivel denounces alleged plagiarism of her thesis project before the public prosecutor's office; there is a campaign against me, she says|date=2022-12-25|language=Es|access-date=2022-12-26|work=Animal Político}}</ref> In her complaint to the prosecutor's office, Esquivel mentions the existence of a notarized declaration said by Báez, in which he admits that he plagiarized Esquivel's thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latinus.us/2022/12/30/ministra-yasmin-esquivel-alumno-plagio-reconocio-notario-autora-original-tesis/|title=Ministra Esquivel asegura que alumno al que plagió reconoció ante notario que ella era la autora original de la tesis|language=Es|trans-title=Minister Esquivel assures that the student she plagiarized acknowledged before a notary that she was the original author of the thesis|date=2022-12-30|work=LatinUS|access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> After six days of investigation, the prosecution allegedly determined that Esquivel had not plagiarized the thesis based on evidence provided by her.<ref name=nivel>{{cite web|url=https://www.altonivel.com.mx/actualidad/la-extrana-historia-con-la-que-yasmin-esquivel-se-dice-inocente-de-plagio/|title=La extraña historia con la que Yasmín Esquivel se dice inocente de plagio|trans-title=The strange story with which Yasmín Esquivel claims to be innocent of plagiarism|language=es|work=Alto Nivel|date=2023-01-03|first=Surya|last=Palacios|access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> On January 2, [[Norma Lucía Piña Hernández]] was elected as the president of the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/norma-lucia-pina-nueva-presidenta-de-la-suprema-corte-de-justicia/|title=Norma Lucía Piña, nueva presidenta de la Suprema Corte de Justicia|first=Yared|last=De la Rosa|date=2023-01-02|work=[[Forbes]]|trans-title=Norma Lucía Piña, new president of the Supreme Court of Justice
|language=es}}</ref> Hours later, the prosecutor's office issued a statement saying that although they received Esquivel's complaint, they determined that they could not proceed with the investigation since the [[statute of limitations]] had expired.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/concluye-fiscalia-de-la-cdmx-que-yasmin-esquivel-no-plagio-tesis|title=Concluye Fiscalía de la CDMX que Yasmín Esquivel no plagió tesis|date=2023-01-02|first=Manuel|last=Espino|work=El Universal|access-date=2023-01-15|language=es|trans-title=Mexico City District Attorney's Office concludes that Yasmín Esquivel did not plagiarize a thesis
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/ministra-yasmin-esquivel-defiende-autoria-de-su-tesis-en-eleccion-de-presidente-de-la-scjn|title=Ministra Yasmín Esquivel defiende autoría de su tesis en elección de presidente de la SCJN|trans-title=Minister Yasmín Esquivel defends authorship of her thesis in the election of the SCJN president|language=Es|work=El Universal|date=2023-01-02|access-date=2023-01-15|first=Luis Carlos|last=Rodríguez}}</ref> Subsequently, it was revealed that Báez's notarized admission was a letter purportedly written and signed by him and sent to Rodríguez's home, something Báez denied having done.<ref name=nivel/>
On January 11, UNAM determined that Esquivel "substantially" copied Báez's thesis but that they did not have the authority to remove her bachelor's degree, which remained pending the [[Secretariat of Education (Mexico)|Secretariat of Education]]'s decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-supreme-court-judge-copied-substantial-part-thesis-university-says-2023-01-12/|title=Mexico Supreme Court judge copied 'substantial part' of thesis, university says|work=Reuters|location=Mexico City|date=2023-01-11|access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> The university also reported that it would implement technological measures to prevent plagiarism. Báez announced that he would file a lawsuit against Esquivel for plagiarism and for filing false testimony with the city prosecutor's office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/2023/01/09/edgar-ulises-baez-demandara-a-ministra-yasmin-esquivel-por-escandalo-de-plagio-de-tesis/|title=Edgar Ulises Báez demandará a ministra Yasmín Esquivel por escándalo de plagio de tesis|trans-title=Edgar Ulises Báez to sue Minister Yasmín Esquivel over thesis plagiarism scandal|work=[[El Financiero]]|date=2023-01-09|language=Es|access-date=2023-01-15}}</ref>
▲===Allegations of plagiarism===
▲In December 2022, [[Guillermo Sheridan]], scholar and researcher at UNAM, presented an investigation denouncing that Esquivel's thesis copied verbatim several segments of another student's thesis published the previous year. According to the investigation, Esquivel's thesis {{lang|es|Inoperancia del sindicato de los trabajadores de confianza del Artículo 123 Apartado A}} ("Inoperability of the union of workers of trust under Article 123 Section A"), presented in September 1987, copies various pages, texts, graphs, grammar errors and sections (such as its table of contents, introduction, and conclusion) of the thesis presented by Édgar Ulises Báez Gutiérrez in July 1986 and titled {{lang|es|Inoperancia de los sindicatos en los trabajadores de confianza del Artículo 123 Apartado "A"}} ("Inoperability of unions for workers of trust under Article 123 Section 'A{{'"}}).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheridan |first=Guillermo |date=2022-12-21 |author-link=Guillermo Sheridan |title=Una ministra pasante: Yasmín Esquivel, candidata a presidir la SCJN, plagió su tesis de licenciatura |trans-title=An Intern Minister: Yasmín Esquivel, Candidate to Preside Over the SCJN, Plagiarized Her Undergraduate Thesis |url=https://latinus.us/2022/12/21/una-ministra-pasante/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222040302/https://latinus.us/2022/12/21/una-ministra-pasante/ |archive-date=2022-12-22 |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Latin US |language=es-MX |url-status=live}}</ref> She denied the accusation, calling the report "totally false".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publimetro.com.mx/nacional/2022/12/21/yasmin-esquivel-acusan-a-ministra-de-la-scjn-por-plagio-de-tesis/ |title=Acusan a ministra Yasmín Esquivel de plagio de tesis; internautas reaccionan |trans-title=Minister Yasmín Esquivel Accused of Plagiarism of Thesis; Netizens React |publisher=[[Publimetro]] |language=es |date=2022-12-21 |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref> Authorities of the Facultad de Estudios Superiores Aragón{{efn|name=FES}} announced that they would investigate the report in detail and that if the plagiarism was confirmed, they would act in accordance with institutional regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2022/12/22/fes-aragon-investigara-presunto-plagio-de-tesis-de-ministra-yasmin-esquivel|title=FES Aragón investigará presunto plagio de tesis de ministra Yasmín Esquivel|date=2022-12-22|trans-title=FES Aragón will investigate alleged plagiarism of minister Yasmín Esquivel's thesis|work=[[Expansión (Mexico)|Expansión]]|first=Octavio|last=Torres|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> Afterwards, UNAM acknowledged that there was "a high level of coincidence" in both documents and that the university will determine Esquivel's status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2022-12-24/la-unam-reconoce-un-alto-nivel-de-coincidencias-entre-la-tesis-de-la-ministra-esquivel-y-la-del-ano-anterior.html|title=La UNAM reconoce 'un alto nivel de coincidencias' entre la tesis de la ministra Esquivel y la del año anterior|trans-title=UNAM recognizes "a high level of coincidence" between Minister Esquivel's thesis and that of the previous year|first=Beatriz|last=Guillén|date=2022-12-23|access-date=2022-12-24|work=[[El País]]|language=es}}</ref>
On February 13, 2023, Esquivel requested a [[Recurso de amparo|writ of ''amparo'']] against the plagiarism investigation at UNAM, citing that she was not guaranteed "the right to honor, to an adequate defense, to due process, to legal certainty and to legality".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-03-01/una-jueza-federal-impide-a-la-unam-resolver-el-caso-del-presunto-plagio-de-yasmin-esquivel.html|title=Una jueza federal impide a la UNAM resolver el caso del presunto plagio de Yasmín Esquivel|date=2023-03-01|language=es|work=[[El País]]|first2=Zedryk|last2=Raziel|first=Beatriz|last=Guillén|access-date=2023-03-05|trans-title=A federal judge prevents UNAM from resolving the case of the alleged plagiarism of Yasmín Esquivel.}}</ref>
▲President López Obrador expressed that "any error, any anomaly, committed by Minister Yasmín when she was a student, when she presented her undergraduate thesis, is infinitely less than the damage caused to Mexico by [[Enrique Krauze|{{bracket|Enrique}} Krauze]] and the man making the accusation, Sheridan", and that the investigation was carried out to attack his government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/amlo-cualquier-error-de-la-ministra-esquivel-es-menor-al-dano-que-han-ocasionado-krauze-o-sheridan|title=AMLO: Cualquier error de la ministra Esquivel es menor al daño que han ocasionado Krauze o Sheridan|trans-title=AMLO: Any mistake made by Minister Esquivel is less than the damage caused by Krauze or Sheridan|date=2022-12-23|access-date=2022-12-24|work=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]]|first=Alberto|last=Morales|language=Es}}</ref> Esquivel later shared letters of support and defense of her career from various lawyers and professors, including one from Martha Rodríguez, her thesis advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aristeguinoticias.com/2212/mexico/yasmin-esquivel-comparte-carta-de-sinodal-para-defenderse-del-senalamiento-de-plagio/|title=Yasmín Esquivel comparte carta de sinodal para defenderse del señalamiento de plagio|language=es|trans-title=Yasmín Esquivel shares letter from synodal to defend herself from plagiarism accusation|date=2022-12-22|work=[[Aristegui Noticias]]|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> Rodríguez considered that the investigation arose from a "misogynist conspiracy" after Esquivel announced her interest in becoming the first woman to preside over the SCJN.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nacion321.com/ciudadanos/asesora-de-tesis-de-yasmin-esquivel-senala-complot-misogino-por-acusacion|title=Asesora de tesis de Yasmín Esquivel señala complot misógino por acusación|trans-title=Yasmín Esquivel's thesis advisor points out misogynist plot for accusation|date=2022-12-22|work=Nación 321|language=es|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> Subsequent investigations determined that Rodríguez was an advisor for both theses and that there are at least eight other theses with similar problems. In addition, there is a 1993 thesis (advised by another professor) and a 2010 thesis (advised by Rodríguez) with identical fragments and similar wording to that of Báez.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/12/23/martha-rodriguez-asesora-de-yasmin-esquivel-dirigio-al-menos-ocho-tesis-en-las-que-se-presume-posible-plagio/|title=Martha Rodríguez, asesora de Yasmín Esquivel, dirigió al menos ocho tesis en las que se presume posible plagio|language=es|trans-title=Martha Rodríguez, Yasmín Esquivel's advisor, supervised at least eight theses in which plagiarism is presumed|work=[[Infobae]]|date=2022-12-23|access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2022-12-23/la-tesis-copiada-de-esquivel-revela-una-cadena-de-plagios-en-la-unam.html|title=La tesis copiada de la ministra Yasmín Esquivel revela una cadena de plagios en la UNAM|trans-title=Minister Yasmín Esquivel's copied thesis reveals chain of plagiarism at UNAM|work=[[El País]]|first=Beatriz|last=Guillén|date=2022-12-23|access-date=2022-12-24|language=Es}}</ref>
===Doctorate degree===
On February 24, 2023, the Spanish newspaper ''[[El País]]'' published an investigation into the alleged plagiarism in Esquivel's 2009 doctoral thesis, which was coordinated by the [[Anahuac University Network|Anáhuac University]] in collaboration with the [[Complutense University of Madrid]]—according to Esquivel's curriculum. In the press release, the journalists found multiple uncited fragments of twelve works by other authors, equivalent to 46.5% of fragments identical to the corresponding original works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-02-24/la-ministra-yasmin-esquivel-plagio-en-su-tesis-de-doctorado.html|title=La ministra Yasmín Esquivel plagió en su tesis de doctorado|language=es|work=[[El País]]|first=Zedryk|last=Raziel|first2=Beatriz|last2=Guillén|date=2023-02-24|access-date=2023-03-05|trans-title=Minister Yasmín Esquivel plagiarized in her doctoral thesis}}</ref> Esquivel's attorney attributed the error to quotation marks; when asked about it, López Obrador said it was "not newsworthy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/abogado-de-yasmin-esquivel-pudo-haber-algun-error-en-un-entrecomillado|title=Pudo haber algún error en un entrecomillado, dice abogado de Yasmín Esquivel|language=es|first=Eduardo|last=Dina|trans-title=There may have been an error in a quotation mark, says Yasmin Esquivel's lawyer|date=2023-02-24|access-date=2023-03-05}}</ref> Anáhuac University declined to sanction Esquivel because its guidelines only establish sanctions within the first three years after obtaining a degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/mexico/sociedad/ministra-yasmin-esquivel-conservara-doctorado-en-derecho-universidad-anahuac-ya-no-puede-sancionarla-9673559.html|title=Ministra Yasmín Esquivel conservará doctorado; la Anáhuac ya no puede sancionarla por plagio|trans-title=Minister Yasmín Esquivel will keep her doctorate; Anáhuac can no longer sanction her for plagiarism|date=24 February 2023|access-date=5 March 2023|work=[[El Sol de México]]}}</ref> Complutense University, on the other hand, disassociated itself from the thesis and denied any collaboration in her doctoral degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2023/3/2/universidad-complutense-de-madrid-se-deslinda-de-yasmin-esquivel-tras-escandalo-por-tesis-doctoral-303014.html|title=Universidad Complutense de Madrid se deslinda de Yasmín Esquivel tras escándalo por tesis doctoral
|trans-title=Complutense University of Madrid dissociates itself from Yasmín Esquivel after doctoral thesis scandal|work=[[Proceso (magazine)|Proceso]]|access-date=2023-03-05|date=2023-03-02|language=Es}}</ref>
==Notes==
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