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{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name
| country
| flag_year
| type
| ongoing
| previous_election
| previous_year
| next_election
| next_year
| seats_for_election = 29 of the 88 seats in the [[United States Senate]] (as well as special elections)
| majority_seats
| election_date
| 1blank
| image_size
| party1 = Republican Party (US)
|
| image1 = George F. Edmunds - Brady-Handy.jpg
| leader_since1 = March 4, 1885
| leaders_seat1 = [[List of United States senators from Vermont|Vermont]]
| seats_before1 = '''38'''
|
|
| seats1 = 12
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 9
| party2 = Democratic Party (US)
| leader2 = [[Arthur Pue Gorman]]{{efn | as [[Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate|Democratic Caucus Chair]]}}
| image2 = Arthur Pue Gorman.jpg
| leader_since2 = March 4, 1889
| leaders_seat2 = [[List of United States senators from Maryland|Maryland]]
| seats_before2 = 37
| seats_after2 = 39
| 1data2 = 12
| seats2 = '''14'''
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 2
| party4 = People's Party (US)
| seats_before4 = 0
| seats_after4 = 1
| 1data4 = 0
|
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 1
| party5 = Independent (US)
|
| seats_after5 = 1
| 1data5 = 0
| seats5 = 1
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 1
| title = Majority Party
|
| before_party = Republican Party (US)
| after_election =
| after_party = Republican Party (US)
| map_image = [[File:1890-91 senate map.svg|380px]]
| map_caption = '''Results of the elections:'''<br />{{legend0|#0671B0|Democratic gain}} {{legend0|#92C5DE|Democratic hold}}<br /> {{Legend0|#CA0120|Republican gain}} {{legend0|#F48882|Republican hold}}<br /> {{Legend0|#288B37|Populist gain}} {{Legend0|#666666|Independent gain}} <br />{{legend0|#000000|Legislature failed to elect}}
}}
The '''1890–91 United States Senate elections''' were held on various dates in various states. As these [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] elections were prior to the ratification of the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Seventeenth Amendment]] in 1913, senators were chosen by [[State legislature (United States)|state legislatures]]. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1890 and 1891, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to [[Gridlock (politics)|legislative deadlock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment|title=17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)|website=National Archives and Records Administration|date=February 8, 2022}}</ref> In these elections, terms were up for the senators in [[Classes of United States senators|Class 3]].
The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] lost four seats, though still retaining a slim majority. That majority was increased, however, upon the admission of two more states with Republican senators.
== Results summary ==
Senate
* Majority
* Minority
* Other
* '''Total
== Change in Senate composition ==
Line 466 ⟶ 463:
! [[List of United States senators from Montana|Montana]]<br/>(Class 1)
| colspan=3 rowspan=2 | ''New state''
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Montana admitted to the Union November 8, 1889.<br/>First senator [[United States Senate elections in Montana, 1890|elected]] '''January 1, 1890'''.<ref name=MTElection>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uS5HAQAAIAAJ | title=Congressional Series of United States Public Documents | volume=3064 | date=1893 | publisher=[[Government Printing Office]] | page=64}}</ref><br/>His election was challenged based on the legitimacy of the nascent state legislature.<br/>The Senate resolved the dispute in his favor April 16, 1890, and he was seated that day.{{sfn|Taft, et al. | p=727}}<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
}}
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Montana|Montana]]<br/>(Class 2)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Montana admitted to the Union November 8, 1889.<br/>Second senator [[United States Senate elections in Montana, 1890|elected]] '''January 2, 1890'''.<ref name=MTElection/><br/>His election was challenged based on the legitimacy of the nascent state legislature.<br/>The Senate resolved the dispute in his favor April 16, 1890, and he was seated that day.{{sfn|Taft, et al. | p=727}}<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
}}
Line 486 ⟶ 483:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Kentucky, 1876|1876]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Kentucky, 1882|1882]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Kentucky, 1888|1888]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent died May 3, 1890.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate election in Kentucky, 1890|elected]] '''May 26, 1890'''.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
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| colspan=3 rowspan=2 | ''New state''
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Wyoming admitted to the Union July 10, 1890.<br/>First senator [[United States Senate elections in Wyoming, 1890|elected]] '''November 15, 1890'''.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Wyoming|Wyoming]]<br/>(Class 1)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Wyoming admitted to the Union July 10, 1890.<br/>First senator [[United States Senate elections in Wyoming, 1890|elected]] '''November 18, 1890'''.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}{{aye}} '''[[Francis E. Warren]]''' (Republican) 29 votes<ref name="Wyoming 1890 Elections">{{Cite book |last=Goodspeed |first=Weston Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=meQyAQAAIAAJ&dq=Joseph+M.+Carey&pg=PA383 |title=Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming |date=1904 |publisher=University of California |page=382 |via=Google Books}}</ref><br>{{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}} [[Henry A. Coffeen]] (Democratic) 9 votes<ref name="Wyoming 1890 Elections"/><br>{{Party stripe|Independent}} M. C. Brown 7 votes<ref name="Wyoming 1890 Elections"/><br>{{Party stripe|Independent}} John McCormick 3 votes<ref name="Wyoming 1890 Elections"/><br>{{Party stripe|Independent}} H. R. Mann 1 vote<ref name="Wyoming 1890 Elections"/>
|-
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| colspan=3 rowspan=2 | ''New state''
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Idaho admitted to the Union July 3, 1890.<br/>First senator [[United States Senate elections in Idaho, 1890|elected]] '''December 18, 1890'''.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Idaho|Idaho]]<br/>(Class 3)
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Idaho admitted to the Union July 3, 1890.<br/>First senator [[United States Senate elections in Idaho, 1890|elected]] '''December 18, 1890'''.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|}
Line 535 ⟶ 532:
| [[James L. Pugh]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[United States Senate special election in Alabama, 1880|1880 {{small|(
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Alabama, 1890|re-elected]] in 1890.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 545 ⟶ 542:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Arkansas, 1885|1885]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Arkansas, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 553 ⟶ 550:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in California, 1885|1885]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in California, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
Line 561 ⟶ 558:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Colorado, 1885|1885]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Colorado, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
Line 569 ⟶ 566:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Connecticut, 1879|1879]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Connecticut, 1885|1885]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Connecticut, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
Line 583 ⟶ 580:
| [[Joseph E. Brown]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | [[United States Senate special election in Georgia, 1880|1880 {{small|(
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired due to illness.<br/>Winner elected on an unknown date.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 593 ⟶ 590:
| [[United States Senate elections in Idaho, 1890|1890]]
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | McConnell was elected only to finish the term, see above, and thereafter retired.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate elections in Idaho, 1890|elected]] December 18, 1890.<br/>Republican hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Illinois|Illinois]]
| [[
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[1886 and 1887 United States Senate
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Incumbent
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}{{aye}} '''[[John M. Palmer (politician)|John M. Palmer]]''' 102 votes (Democratic)<ref name="Alson J. Streeter An Agrarian Liberal">{{cite news|title=Alson J. Streeter: An Agrarian Liberal|first=Alfred W.|last=Newcombe|journal=Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society|volume=39|number=1|year=1946|pages=68–95|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}} [[Cicero Lindly]] (Republican) 100 votes<ref name="Alson J. Streeter An Agrarian Liberal"/>
* {{Party stripe|People's Party (US)}}[[Alson Streeter]] ([[Farmers' Alliance]]) 1 vote<ref name="Alson J. Streeter An Agrarian Liberal"/>}}
|-
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| [[Daniel W. Voorhees]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic
| nowrap | 1877 {{small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[United States Senate special election in Indiana, 1879|1879 {{small|(
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Indiana, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
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| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Iowa, 1890|re-elected]] March 5, 1890.{{sfn | Clark | p=221}}
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}[[Samuel L. Bestow]] (Democratic) 63 votes<ref>{{cite journal|editor-last=Wilcox|editor-first=Henry S.|title=Election of U.S. Senator|journal=Journal of the Iowa House of Representatives|volume=23|number=1|pages=158–168|date=March 5, 1890|access-date=September 30, 2022|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RuFHAQAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
}}
Line 630:
| {{Party shading/Populist}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[1891 United States Senate election in Kansas|elected]] in 1891.<br/>'''Populist gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|People's Party (US)}} {{aye}} '''[[William A. Peffer]]''' (Populist)
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
}}
Line 640:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Kentucky, 1884|1884]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Kentucky, 1890|re-elected]] in 1890.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 648:
| nowrap | 1890 or 1891
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate election in Louisiana, 1891|elected]] in 1891.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 656:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Maryland, 1884|1884]]
| {{Party shading/Loss}} | Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Maryland, 1890|re-elected]] in 1890, but died February 24, 1891, before the beginning of the next term.<br/>Seat remained vacant until November 19, 1891.<br/>'''Democratic loss'''.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 664:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Missouri, 1879|1879]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Missouri, 1885|1885]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Missouri, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
! [[List of United States senators from Nevada|Nevada]]
| [[John Percival Jones|John P. Jones]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Nevada, 1879|1879]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Nevada, 1885|1885]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Nevada, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
Line 678:
| [[Henry W. Blair]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[United States Senate special election in New Hampshire, 1879|1879]]<br/>1885 {{small|(Appointed)}}<br/>[[United States Senate special election in New Hampshire, 1885|1885 {{small|(
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent lost renomination.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate election in New Hampshire, 1891|elected]] in 1891.<br/>Republican hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
Line 690:
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{aye}} '''[[David B. Hill]]''' (Democratic) 81 votes
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
}}
Line 699:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in North Carolina, 1879|1879]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in North Carolina, 1884|1884]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in North Carolina, 1890|re-elected]] in 1890.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 708:
| {{Party shading/Republican/Hold}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate elections in North Dakota, 1891|elected]] in 1891.<br/>Republican hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
}}
Line 718:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Ohio, 1884|1884]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent retired.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate election in Ohio, 1890|elected]] January 15, 1890{{sfn|Taylor & Taylor | p=111, vol II}}<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
|-
Line 726:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Oregon, 1885|1885]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Oregon, 1890|re-elected]] in 1890.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
Line 732:
| [[J. Donald Cameron]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[United States Senate special election in Pennsylvania, 1877|1877 {{small|(
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Pennsylvania, 1891|re-elected]] January 20, 1891.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
* Others 12 votes, [[#Pennsylvania|see below]]
}}
Line 747:
| {{Party shading/Democratic/Hold}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>[[United States Senate election in South Carolina, 1890|re-elected]] in 1890.<br/>Democratic hold.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
}}
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| {{Party shading/Independent (United States)}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate election in South Dakota, 1891|elected]] February 16, 1891.<ref name=NYTSD>{{cite news | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 17, 1891 | title= SENATOR JAMES H. KYLE. | page=5 |url=http://nyti.ms/2eFKaWJ}}</ref><br/>'''Independent gain'''.<br/>Winner later became a Populist.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Independent (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Unknown}}
}}
Line 769:
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Vermont, 1866|1866]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Vermont, 1872|1872]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Vermont, 1878|1878]]<br/>[[United States Senate election in Vermont, 1884|1884]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Vermont, 1890|re-elected]] in 1890.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
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| nowrap | [[United States Senate elections in Washington, 1889|1889]]
| Incumbent [[United States Senate election in Washington, 1891|re-elected]] in 1891.
| nowrap | {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
|-
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| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Republican
| nowrap | [[United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 1885|1885]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Winner [[United States Senate election in Wisconsin, 1890|elected]]
| nowrap | {{Plainlist|
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
* ''Null vote'' 4.5%
}}
|}
Line 814 ⟶ 815:
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Incumbent died February 28, 1891.<br/>New senator was elected '''March 19, 1891'''.<br/>'''Republican gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist |
* {{Party stripe|Republican Party (US)}}
* {{
}}
Line 823 ⟶ 824:
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Legislature had failed to elect, see above.<br/>Predecessor <!--[[1891 United States Senate election in Florida|re-elected]]-->re-elected '''May 26, 1891'''.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://nyti.ms/2e2dtY7 | title= CALL DECLARED ELECTED. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=May 26, 1891 | page=1 }}</ref><br/>'''Democratic gain'''.
| nowrap | {{Plainlist |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
* {{
}}
Line 834 ⟶ 835:
| Incumbent <!--[[1891 United States Senate election in Virginia|re-elected early]]-->re-elected early '''December 16, 1891''' for the term beginning March 4, 1893.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433014925972&view=1up&seq=141 |title=Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia 1891-1892 |pages=135 |language=en | access-date=March 11, 2020}}</ref>
| nowrap | {{Plainlist |
* {{Party stripe|Democratic Party (US)}}
* {{data missing|date=March 2020}}
}}
Line 853 ⟶ 854:
| alt1 = William J. McConnell
| caption1 = [[William J. McConnell]]<br/>(December 18, 1890 – March 3, 1891)
| image2 =
| width2 = 125
| alt2 = Fred Dubois
Line 863 ⟶ 864:
{{Clear}}
== Maryland ==
<!-- {{Main|1890 United States Senate election in Maryland}} -->
{{See also|List of United States senators from Maryland}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1890 United States Senate election in Maryland
| popular_vote1 = '''-'''
| colour1 = B0CEFF
| percentage1 = '''-%'''
| party1 = Democratic Party (United States)
| candidate1 = '''[[Ephraim King Wilson II]]'''
| image1 = WILSON, Ephraim King, (1821 - 1891).jpg
| popular_vote2 =
| colour2 =
| percentage2 = %
| party2 =
| candidate2 =
| image2 =
| next_year = 1892
| next_election = 1892 United States Senate special election in Maryland
| previous_year = 1884
| previous_election = 1884 United States Senate election in Maryland
| votes_for_election = 80 members of the [[Maryland General Assembly]]
| vote_type = Legislative
| election_date = January 1890
| type = presidential
}}
[[Ephraim King Wilson II]] was re-elected by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 3 seat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=122955|title=Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1890|access-date=2022-11-05|website=www.ourcampaigns.com}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
== New York ==
[[File:DavidBennettHill.png|thumb|125px|Senator [[David B. Hill]]]]
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Republican [[William M. Evarts]] had been elected to this seat in [[1885 United States Senate election in New York|1885]], and his term would expire on March 3, 1891.
At the [[1889 New York state election|State election in November 1889]], 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (
The Democratic caucus met on January 19, 74 State legislators attended, and State Senator [[John C. Jacobs]] presided. Governor [[David B. Hill]] was nominated by acclamation.
Line 910 ⟶ 943:
{{Clear}}
== Pennsylvania ==
[[File:James Donald Cameron Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|125px|Senator [[J. Donald Cameron]]]]
Line 977 ⟶ 1,011:
== See also ==
* [[1890 United States elections
** [[1890 United States House of Representatives elections
* [[51st United States Congress]]
* [[52nd United States Congress]]
Line 992 ⟶ 1,026:
| last = Byrd | first = Robert C. | author-link1 = Robert Byrd
| editor1-first = Wendy | editor1-last = Wolff
| title = The Senate, 1789-1989: Historical Statistics,
| edition = volume 4 Bicentennial
| department = [[United States Senate Historical Office]]
Line 998 ⟶ 1,032:
| publisher = [[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]
| date = October 1, 1993
| isbn = 9780160632563 | ref = {{sfnRef | Byrd}}
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PeHByMYxVm8C
}}
Line 1,011 ⟶ 1,045:
* {{cite web
| last = Cox | first = Harold
| title = Pennsylvania Election Statistics:
| work = The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project
| publisher = Wilkes University
Line 1,053 ⟶ 1,087:
{{United States Senate elections}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1890-91 United States Senate elections}}
[[Category:1890 United States Senate elections| ]]
[[Category:1891 United States Senate elections| ]]
|