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Line 1: {{EngvarB\|date=October 2015}} {{Italic title}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=October 2015}} '''''Dwifungsi''''' ("dual function") was a doctrine implemented by [[Suharto]]'s military-dominated [[New Order (Indonesia)\|"New Order"]] government in [[Indonesia]] following the removal of President [[Sukarno]]. ''Dwifungsi'' was used to justify the ~~military~~[[Indonesian ~~permanently~~National Armed Forces\|ABRI]]—especially the [[Indonesian Army]]—permanently increasing its influence in the [[Government of Indonesia\|Indonesian government]], including reserved military-only seats in the parliament, and top positions in the nation's public service. == Origins == Line 16 ⟶ 17: == Implementation == Through ''dwifungsi'' and the "New Order" political vehicle, [[Golkar]], the ABRI (especially the army) was able to enmesh itself into all levels of Indonesian society, in a manner that reached its peak in the 1990s, but remains strong. ~~Military~~Active ABRI officers during Suharto's presidency held key positions in all levels of government in Indonesia, including city ~~mayor~~mayors, provincial government, ambassadorships, state-owned corporations, the judiciary, and Suharto's cabinet~~. The former President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] was also a former army officer~~. During the New Order, the military had a seat in the [[People's Consultative Assembly]] (MPR) through the ABRI parliamentary group (''Fraksi ABRI''). Up to 1997, the ABRI parliamentary group consisted of 100 servicemen elected by the armed forces, but the number would later decrease to 75 after the [[1997 Indonesian legislative election\|1997 election]]. == Demise == ''Dwifungsi'' was gradually abolished following [[Fall of Suharto\|the collapse of New Order regime]] and [[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia\|the start of Reform era]]. At the ABRI leadership meeting in 2000, it was agreed to abolish the doctrine, which would begin after the [[2004 Indonesian legislative election\|2004 election]]. All military and police officers that would like to hold political position have to leave their military career; the former President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] was a former army officer when he was elected. After [[1999 Indonesian legislative election\|1999 election]], 38 out of 700 members of the MPR for 1999–2004 term were from ABRI officers – which would be consisted of separated military and [[Indonesian National Police\|police]]. Active military and police officers was removed starting with 2004–2009 term. ==Notes== Line 25 ⟶ 33: * [[Harold Crouch\|Crouch, Harold]] (2007) ''The Army and Politics in Indonesia'', Equinox, Jakarta {{ISBN\|979-3780-50-9}} * [[Nugroho Notosusanto]] (1970) ''The Dual Function of the Indonesian Armed Forces Especially Since 1966'' Department for Defence and Security Centre for Armed Forces History Djakarta * {{cite book \|last=Schwarz \|first=A. \|year=1994 \|title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s \|publisher=Westview Press \|isbn=1-86373-635-2 \|url-access=registration \|url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} {{Indonesia's New Order}} ~~{{indonesia-stub}}~~ ~~{{gov-stub}}~~ [[Category:Politics of Indonesia]]