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{{Use Australian English|date=January 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Taiwanese Australians
| image =
| pop = 46,822
| popplace = [[
| langs = [[Australian English]]{{·}}[[Taiwanese Mandarin]]{{·}}[[Taiwanese Hokkien]]{{·}}[[Taiwanese Hakka]]{{·}}[[Varieties of Chinese]]{{·}}[[Formosan languages]]
| rels = [[Buddhism]]{{·}}[[Christianity]]{{·}}[[Chinese folk religion]]{{·}}[[
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| related_groups = [[Chinese Australians]], [[Hong Kong Australians]], [[Indonesian Australians]], [[Japanese Australians]], [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]]
}}
'''Taiwanese Australians''' are [[Australia
[[Taiwanese people]] can be divided into two main ethnic groups; the [[Han Taiwanese]], who have [[Han Chinese]] ancestry and constitute over 95% of the population, and the [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]], who have [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] ancestry and constitute approximately 2% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web
▲[[Taiwanese people]] can be divided into two main ethnic groups; the [[Han Taiwanese]], who have [[Han Chinese]] ancestry and constitute over 95% of the population, and the [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]], who have [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] ancestry and constitute approximately 2% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=People|url=https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/content_2.php|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 June 2020|website=Government Portal of the Republic of China (Taiwan)|quote=While Taiwan may be described as a predominantly Han Chinese society, with more than 95 percent of the population claiming Han ancestry, its heritage is actually much more complex... There is growing appreciation in Taiwan for the cultural legacies of the 16 officially recognized Austronesian-speaking tribes, which constitute a little more than 2 percent of the population.}}</ref> The Han Taiwanese majority can be loosely subdivided into the [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]] (70%), [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (14%) and "[[Mainland Chinese|Mainlanders]]" (1949 Chinese immigrants) (14%).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Ethnic Groups Of Taiwan|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-taiwan.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 June 2020|website=WorldAtlas|quote=Taiwan has many ethnic groups with the largest group being the Hoklo Han Chinese with about 70% of the total population followed by the Hakka Han Chinese who make up about 14% of the total population...The mainland Chinese are a group of people who migrated to Taiwan in the 1940s from mainland China after Kuomintang lost the Chinese civil war in 1949... The mainlanders make up 14% of the population due to immigration.}}</ref> Historically, the first known Taiwanese people in Australia arrived from the [[Dutch East Indies|Netherlands East Indies]] (NEI) (historical [[Indonesia]]) during [[World War II]] (1939–1945), having been brought to the country by the [[Government in exile|exiled]] NEI government as [[civilian internee]]s in 1942;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Piper|first=Christine|date=14 August 2014|title=Japanese internment a dark chapter of Australian history|url=https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/japanese-internment-a-dark-chapter-of-australian-history-20140813-103ldy.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 June 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|quote=While numerous books, films and photographs have explored the internment of Japanese civilians in the United States and Canada, the situation in Australia has had limited coverage... Of the 4301 Japanese civilians interned in Australia, only a quarter had been living in Australia when hostilities began, with many employed in the pearl diving industry... The remaining three-quarters had been arrested in Allied-controlled countries such as the '''Dutch East Indies'''... They included '''ethnic Formosans (Taiwanese)''' and Koreans.}}</ref> at the time, Taiwan was part of the [[Empire of Japan]] and Taiwanese people were considered [[Japanese people|Japanese]]. Subsequently, Taiwanese mass [[immigration]] to Australia began during the 1970s as a result of the complete dismantlement of the [[White Australia Policy]] (1901–1973), which historically prevented Taiwanese people and other non-[[Europe]]ans from permanently settling in the country.
== History ==
===Early
Prior to 1942, it is unknown whether there were any Taiwanese people living in Australia.
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=== Internment of Japanese and Taiwanese people in Australia during WWII ===
{{See also|Japanese Australians}}
Historically, Taiwanese Australians have had a significant presence in [[Tatura]] and [[Rushworth, Victoria|Rushworth]], two neighbouring countryside towns respectively located in the regions of [[City of Greater Shepparton|Greater Shepparton]] and [[Shire of Campaspe|Campaspe]] ([[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]), in the fertile [[Goulburn Valley]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://visitshepparton.com.au/see-and-do/history-and-heritage/!/view/tatura-irrigation-and-wartime-camps-museum-1031|title=Tatura Irrigation and Wartime Camps Museum|website=Visit Shepparton}}</ref> During [[World War II]], [[Yamato people|ethnic-Japanese]] (from [[Japanese Australians|Australia]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]) and ethnic-Taiwanese (from the [[Dutch East Indies|Netherlands East Indies]]) were [[Internment|interned]] nearby to these towns as a result of anti-[[espionage]]/[[Fifth column|collaboration]] policies enforced by the Australian government (and [[Allies of World War II|WWII Allies]] in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.taturamuseum.org.au/camps.html|title=Prisoner of War and Internment Camps; World War II Camps|website=Tatura Museum}}</ref> Roughly 600 Taiwanese civilians (entire families, including mothers, children and the elderly) were held at "Internment Camp No. 4", located in Rushworth but nominally labeled as being part of the "Tatura Internment Group", between January 1942 and March 1946.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/snapshots/internment-camps/WWII/tatura.aspx|title=Tatura – Rushworth, Victoria (1940–47)|website=National Archives of Australia|access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> Most of the Japanese and Taiwanese civilians were innocent and had been arrested for [[Racism|racist]] reasons ''(see the related article "[[Internment of Japanese Americans]]", an article detailing similar internment in America)''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/japanese-survivors-recall-australia-s-wwii-civilian-internment-camps|title=Japanese survivors recall Australia's WWII civilian internment camps|last=Blakkarly|first=Jarni|date=April 25, 2017|work=SBS News|access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> Several Japanese and Taiwanese people were born in the internment camp and received [[United Kingdom|British]] (Australian) [[birth certificate]]s from a nearby hospital. Several Japanese people who were born in the internment camp were named "Tatura" in honour of their families' wartime internment at Tatura. During wartime internment, many working age adults in the internment camp operated small businesses (including a sewing factory) and local schools within the internment camp.<ref name=":0" /> Regarding languages, schools mainly taught [[English language|English]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and Taiwanese languages ([[Taiwanese Hokkien|Hokkien]], [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]], [[Formosan languages|Formosan]]). [[Filipinos]] are purported to have also been held at the camp, alongside [[Koreans]], [[Manchu people|Manchus]] (possibly from [[Manchukuo]]), [[New Caledonia]]ns, [[New Hebrides|New Hebrideans]], people from the [[South
After the war, internees were resettled in their country of ethnic origin, rather than their country of nationality or residence, with the exception of Japanese Australians, who were generally allowed to remain in Australia. Non-Australian Japanese, who originated from Southeast Asia and the Pacific, were repatriated to [[Occupation of Japan|Occupied Japan]]. On the other hand, Taiwanese, most of whom originated from the Netherlands East Indies, were repatriated to [[History of Taiwan since 1945|Occupied Taiwan]]. The repatriation of Taiwanese during March 1946 caused public outcry in Australia due to the allegedly poor living conditions aboard the repatriating ship "[[Japanese destroyer Yoizuki|Yoizuki]]", in what became known as the "Yoizuki Hellship scandal". Post-WWII, the Australian government was eager to expel any Japanese internees who did not possess Australian citizenship, and this included the majority of Taiwanese internees as well. However, the Republic of China (ROC) was an ally of Australia, and since the ROC had [[Retrocession Day|occupied Taiwan]] during October 1945, many among the Australian public believed that the Taiwanese internees should be deemed citizens of the ROC, and, therefore, friends of Australia, not to be expelled from the country, or at least not in such allegedly appalling conditions. This debate concerning the citizenship of Taiwanese internees—whether they were Chinese or Japanese—further inflamed public outrage at their allegedly appalling treatment by the Australian government. Additionally, it was technically true that several "camp babies"—internees who had been born on Australian soil whilst their parents were interned—possessed Australian birth certificates, which made them legally British subjects. However, many of these camp babies were also deported from the country alongside their non-citizen parents. There was also a minor controversy regarding the destination of repatriation, with some of the less Japan-friendly Taiwanese fearing that they would be repatriated to Japan, though this was resolved when they learnt that they were being repatriated to Taiwan instead.
On January 5, 1993, a plaque was erected at the site of the internment camp at Tatura (Rushworth) to commemorate the memory of wartime internment. Forty-six Japanese and Taiwanese ex-internees, as well as a former (Australian) camp guard, are listed on the plaque.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piper|first=Christine|date=March 6, 2012|title=Tatura family internment camp|url=https://lovedayproject.com/2012/03/06/tatura-family-internment-camp/|journal=Loveday Project
=== History from the 1970s and onward ===
Starting from 1976, Australia began to consider the Taiwanese to be nationals of the ROC (Taiwan),
The current total population of Taiwanese Australians is unknown, with only 1st-generation and 2nd-generation Taiwanese being counted in the Australian Census as Taiwanese, and with 3rd-generation Taiwanese or older families being counted as just "Australian". The current number of 1st/2nd-generation Taiwanese Australians is roughly 45,000–55,000 people. It is estimated that roughly 95%–90% of Taiwanese Australians are 1st/2nd-generation Australians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museumsvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=62|title=Origins: History of immigration from Taiwan – Immigration Museum, Melbourne Australia|website=museumsvictoria.com.au|access-date=2018-12-27}}</ref>
==
===
In Australia, [[Australian English]] is the ''[[de facto]]'' national language and most [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants to Australia]] are expected to be [[Language proficiency|proficient in the language]]. Unlike in the [[United States]], for example, there aren't many large non-[[English-speaking world|Anglophone]] [[ethnic enclave]]s in Australia, since [[History of Australia|Australian history]] has been heavily dominated by [[British Empire|British colonialism]]. [[Multiculturalism in Australia]] is a fairly recent phenomenon that was intentionally encouraged by successive [[Government of Australia|Australian governments]] as part of the country's rapidly changing [[Foreign relations of Australia|foreign policy]] and [[Demography of Australia|ethnic policy]] following the conclusion of [[World War II]] (1939–1945).
Taiwanese immigrants to Australia can usually speak their native [[Languages of Taiwan|Taiwanese languages]], including [[Taiwanese Mandarin]], [[Taiwanese Hokkien]], [[Taiwanese Hakka]], and various other Taiwanese languages (such as the [[Formosan languages|Taiwanese indigenous languages]]). However, proficiency in these languages typically already drops by the [[Immigrant generations|second generation]], i.e. the first generation born in Australia. Depending on which [[social class]] and/or [[ethnic group]] the Taiwanese immigrant parents originate from, their children may only remain proficient in one of these languages. Typically, proficiency in
According to the 2016 Australian census, approximately 90% of Taiwanese immigrants to Australia, including those who have come to Australia during preceding decades, speak Mandarin as their primary non-English language at home, whereas approximately 2% speak Hokkien. Approximately 66% of those who speak a [[Languages Other Than English|language other than English]] at home also speak English (i.e. they [[Multilingualism|speak multiple languages]]). Approximately 5% speak only or primarily English at home.<ref name=":2" />
== Settlement ==
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{{Taiwanese diaspora}}
{{Asian Australians}}
{{Ancestry of Australians}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Australian people of Taiwanese descent|
[[Category:Taiwanese diaspora by country|Australia]]
[[Category:
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