Franz Neuhausen: Difference between revisions

'''Franz Neuhausen''' (13 December 1887 – 14 April 1966) was a wealthy industrialist who became the special [[Plenipotentiary#Nazi_GermanyNazi Germany|plenipotentiary]] for economic affairs in the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]] during most of the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[military occupation]] of that region of the partitioned [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] during [[World War II]]. He worked as a representative of Germany and the [[Nazi Party]] in [[Belgrade]] throughout the 1930s, during which he amassed a huge fortune. As a close friend and personal favourite of ''[[Reichsmarshall]]'' [[Hermann Göring]], he became Göring's direct representative for the [[Four Year Plan]] in the occupied territory, and was its virtual economic dictator from April 1941 until August 1944. On 18 October 1943 he succeeded [[Harald Turner]] as the Chief of the Military Administration in Serbia, and he continued to fulfill both roles until late August 1944.

Franz Neuhausen was born on 13 December 1887 in the town of [[Merzig]] in the [[Rhine Province]] of the [[German Empire]].{{sfn|Völkl|Lengyel|1991|p=52}} Nothing is known of his family or life before [[World War I]], and he was a pilot in the [[Luftstreitkräfte|German Air Force]] during that war.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=76}} In the [[inter-war period]] he reached the rank of ''[[Gruppenführer]]'' (major general) in the [[National Socialist Flyers Corps]] ({{lang-de|Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps}}, NSFK) which was a paramilitary [[Nazi Party]] organisation similar to the ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' or SA.{{sfn|Kroener|Müller|Umbreit|2000|p=96}} He was stationed in [[Belgrade]] from 1931 onwards, first as the manager of the German Transportation Office, then as the official representative or party attache (''Landesgruppenleiter'') of the Nazi Party in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], and finally as the German [[Consul (representative)|consul-general]], with the rank of Consul-General Major of the [[Luftwaffe]].{{sfn|Kroener|Müller|Umbreit|2000|p=96}} It is likely that he fulfilled both political and economic intelligence work in Yugoslavia throughout the 1930s. He had effective networks in both government and political circles and kept himself well informed about political and economic conditions, becoming a wealthy industrialist in the process.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=76}} With the assistance of his close friend{{sfn|Kurapovna|2010|p=258}} ''[[Reichsmarshall]]'' [[Hermann Göring]] he obtained [[Share (finance)|shares]] in a range of mining and metal industries through dubious transactions. As a result of such deals, Neuhausen was arrested by the [[Gestapo]] several times but Göring interceded on his behalf on each occasion to ensure that the serious charges were downgraded. In return, Neuhausen provided Göring with foreign currency, and when he attended the ''Reichsmarshall'''s birthday party each year he gave Göring a {{convert|30|lb|kg|adj=on}} bar of gold or silver. Göring used this money to amass a huge collection of artworks and jewelry at his country estate, [[Carinhall]].{{sfn|Alford|2012|pp=17–18}} As consul-general, Neuhausen negotiated the purchase of the huge [[Bor, Serbia|Bor]] copper mines from the defeated [[French Third Republic|French]] in 1940, and subsequently became chairman of the board of the new German company that operated the mines, ''Bor Kupferbergwerke und Hütten A.G.'' in Belgrade.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=617}}

Promoted to ''[[Obergruppenführer|NSFK-Obergruppenführer]]'',{{sfn|Gall|2006|p=112}} Neuhausen was initially appointed by Göring as [[Plenipotentiary#Nazi_GermanyNazi Germany|plenipotentiary]] general for economic affairs (''Generalbevollmächtigte für die Wirtschaft'') in the [[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]],{{sfnm|Hehn|1971|1p=350|Pavlowitch|2002|2p=141|ps=, official name of the occupied territory.}} but his role soon expanded to encompass plenipotentiary responsibility for the [[Four Year Plan]] in the occupied territory. On 9 December 1942, Neuhausen was also appointed to the important role of plenipotentiary for metal ore production in south-east Europe,{{sfn|Kroener|Müller|Umbreit|2003|p=216}} which was initially limited to the occupied territory and the areas of Yugoslavia [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|annexed by Bulgaria]],{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=76}} and he was also empowered as plenipotentiary for labour in the occupied territory. Soon after the military administration began, Neuhausen appointed commissioners through whom he controlled the Serbian National Bank and other key economic and financial enterprises. In March 1943 Neuhausen's responsibilities for metals ore production were extended to German-occupied Greece, and after the [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] surrender that September, to the previously [[Axis_occupation_of_GreeceAxis occupation of Greece#The_Italian_occupation_zoneThe Italian occupation zone|Italian-occupied parts of Greece]] and [[Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)|Albania]]. In October 1943, the Germans simplified their military administration, and on 18 October 1943 his existing roles were combined with the key role of Chief of the Military Administration (''Militärverwaltungschef'').{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=76}} He remained the chairman of the Bor mining company, which in July 1943 brought in 6,200 [[Jews|Jewish]] forced labourers from [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] and territories it had occupied to alleviate the shortage of manpower to work the mine.{{sfn|Kroener|Müller|Umbreit|2003|p=39}}{{sfn|Mojzes|2011|p=91}} At the mines the labourers were under the supervision of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and worked in knee-deep water for 12 -hour shifts.{{sfn|Mojzes|2011|p=91}} Neuhausen was also chair of the German banking corporation ''Bankverein für Serbien'' in the occupied territory, as well as several other important companies. Economically, the occupied territory was very important to the Germans as a source of metals, minerals, coal and food.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=76–77}} Neuhausen was a powerful figure who had complete control of the economy and state finances of the occupied territory, and successfully exploited them to make a significant contribution to the German war effort.{{sfn|Tomasevich|1975|p=320}}{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|p=619}}

The presence in Belgrade of direct representatives of senior Nazi officials such as Himmler and Göring meant there were often competing interests at work. As plenipotentiary for economic affairs and a "favourite" of Göring,{{sfn|Hehn|2005|p=109}} Neuhausen acted as a virtual economic dictator on the ''Reichsmarshall's'' behalf in the occupied territory, squeezing the maximum amount of resources out of the local economy to feed the German war machine. Neuhausen was described as being "notoriously corrupt"{{sfn|Kurapovna|2010|p=258}} and "sleazy and unscrupulous",{{sfn|Hehn|2005|p=109}}, and had numerous disagreements with other senior officials of the occupation regime regarding the extent of his jurisdiction. In particular, he strenuously opposed attempts by Foreign Affairs Envoy [[Hermann Neubacher]] to give more power to the Belgrade puppet government of [[Milan Nedić]]. Neubacher believed that Neuhausen was corrupt and that he had amassed a huge fortune while serving in Belgrade. After a series of complaints against him by the commander-in-chief southeast Europe ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' (Field Marshal) [[Maximilian von Weichs]] and Neubacher himself, an agreement was reached with the Nazi Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] and Himmler, and Neuhausen was subsequently arrested for corruption in August 1944.{{sfn|Pavlowitch|2008|p=230}} He was replaced as plenipotentiary for economic affairs by his mining chief Theo Keyser, and as Chief of the Military Administration in Serbia by Dr. Justus Danckwerts. Neuhausen spent five months in a concentration camp and, although Göring arranged his release,{{sfn|Kurapovna|2010|p=258}} and the award of the [[War Merit Cross|Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross]] to him,{{sfn|Höttl|1997|p=183}} he still spent the remainder of the war in detention.{{sfn|Tomasevich|2001|pp=76–77}}{{sfn|Pavlowitch|2008|p=230}}

After being captured by US forces he was handed over to the Yugoslav authorities at the end of the war, and although sentenced to 20 years imprisonment following a trial in October 1947, he was soon paroled,{{sfn|Der Spiegel|47/1949|ref=Spiegel}} then released in March 1953. Neuhausen died on 14 April 1966 in [[Munich]], [[West Germany]].{{sfn|Völkl|Lengyel|1991|p=52}}

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